654.599 999 999 999 910 09 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 654.599 999 999 999 910 09(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
654.599 999 999 999 910 09(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 654.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 654 ÷ 2 = 327 + 0;
  • 327 ÷ 2 = 163 + 1;
  • 163 ÷ 2 = 81 + 1;
  • 81 ÷ 2 = 40 + 1;
  • 40 ÷ 2 = 20 + 0;
  • 20 ÷ 2 = 10 + 0;
  • 10 ÷ 2 = 5 + 0;
  • 5 ÷ 2 = 2 + 1;
  • 2 ÷ 2 = 1 + 0;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

654(10) =

10 1000 1110(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.599 999 999 999 910 09.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.599 999 999 999 910 09 × 2 = 1 + 0.199 999 999 999 820 18;
  • 2) 0.199 999 999 999 820 18 × 2 = 0 + 0.399 999 999 999 640 36;
  • 3) 0.399 999 999 999 640 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.799 999 999 999 280 72;
  • 4) 0.799 999 999 999 280 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.599 999 999 998 561 44;
  • 5) 0.599 999 999 998 561 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.199 999 999 997 122 88;
  • 6) 0.199 999 999 997 122 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.399 999 999 994 245 76;
  • 7) 0.399 999 999 994 245 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.799 999 999 988 491 52;
  • 8) 0.799 999 999 988 491 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.599 999 999 976 983 04;
  • 9) 0.599 999 999 976 983 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.199 999 999 953 966 08;
  • 10) 0.199 999 999 953 966 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.399 999 999 907 932 16;
  • 11) 0.399 999 999 907 932 16 × 2 = 0 + 0.799 999 999 815 864 32;
  • 12) 0.799 999 999 815 864 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.599 999 999 631 728 64;
  • 13) 0.599 999 999 631 728 64 × 2 = 1 + 0.199 999 999 263 457 28;
  • 14) 0.199 999 999 263 457 28 × 2 = 0 + 0.399 999 998 526 914 56;
  • 15) 0.399 999 998 526 914 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.799 999 997 053 829 12;
  • 16) 0.799 999 997 053 829 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.599 999 994 107 658 24;
  • 17) 0.599 999 994 107 658 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.199 999 988 215 316 48;
  • 18) 0.199 999 988 215 316 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.399 999 976 430 632 96;
  • 19) 0.399 999 976 430 632 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.799 999 952 861 265 92;
  • 20) 0.799 999 952 861 265 92 × 2 = 1 + 0.599 999 905 722 531 84;
  • 21) 0.599 999 905 722 531 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.199 999 811 445 063 68;
  • 22) 0.199 999 811 445 063 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.399 999 622 890 127 36;
  • 23) 0.399 999 622 890 127 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.799 999 245 780 254 72;
  • 24) 0.799 999 245 780 254 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.599 998 491 560 509 44;
  • 25) 0.599 998 491 560 509 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.199 996 983 121 018 88;
  • 26) 0.199 996 983 121 018 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.399 993 966 242 037 76;
  • 27) 0.399 993 966 242 037 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.799 987 932 484 075 52;
  • 28) 0.799 987 932 484 075 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.599 975 864 968 151 04;
  • 29) 0.599 975 864 968 151 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.199 951 729 936 302 08;
  • 30) 0.199 951 729 936 302 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.399 903 459 872 604 16;
  • 31) 0.399 903 459 872 604 16 × 2 = 0 + 0.799 806 919 745 208 32;
  • 32) 0.799 806 919 745 208 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.599 613 839 490 416 64;
  • 33) 0.599 613 839 490 416 64 × 2 = 1 + 0.199 227 678 980 833 28;
  • 34) 0.199 227 678 980 833 28 × 2 = 0 + 0.398 455 357 961 666 56;
  • 35) 0.398 455 357 961 666 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.796 910 715 923 333 12;
  • 36) 0.796 910 715 923 333 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.593 821 431 846 666 24;
  • 37) 0.593 821 431 846 666 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.187 642 863 693 332 48;
  • 38) 0.187 642 863 693 332 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.375 285 727 386 664 96;
  • 39) 0.375 285 727 386 664 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.750 571 454 773 329 92;
  • 40) 0.750 571 454 773 329 92 × 2 = 1 + 0.501 142 909 546 659 84;
  • 41) 0.501 142 909 546 659 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.002 285 819 093 319 68;
  • 42) 0.002 285 819 093 319 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.004 571 638 186 639 36;
  • 43) 0.004 571 638 186 639 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.009 143 276 373 278 72;
  • 44) 0.009 143 276 373 278 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.018 286 552 746 557 44;
  • 45) 0.018 286 552 746 557 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.036 573 105 493 114 88;
  • 46) 0.036 573 105 493 114 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.073 146 210 986 229 76;
  • 47) 0.073 146 210 986 229 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.146 292 421 972 459 52;
  • 48) 0.146 292 421 972 459 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.292 584 843 944 919 04;
  • 49) 0.292 584 843 944 919 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.585 169 687 889 838 08;
  • 50) 0.585 169 687 889 838 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.170 339 375 779 676 16;
  • 51) 0.170 339 375 779 676 16 × 2 = 0 + 0.340 678 751 559 352 32;
  • 52) 0.340 678 751 559 352 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.681 357 503 118 704 64;
  • 53) 0.681 357 503 118 704 64 × 2 = 1 + 0.362 715 006 237 409 28;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.599 999 999 999 910 09(10) =

0.1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1000 0000 0100 1(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

654.599 999 999 999 910 09(10) =

10 1000 1110.1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1000 0000 0100 1(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 9 positions to the left, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


654.599 999 999 999 910 09(10) =

10 1000 1110.1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1000 0000 0100 1(2) =

10 1000 1110.1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1000 0000 0100 1(2) × 20 =

1.0100 0111 0100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 0000 0010 01(2) × 29


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): 9

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.0100 0111 0100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 0000 0010 01


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

9 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(9 + 1 023)(10) =

1 032(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 032 ÷ 2 = 516 + 0;
  • 516 ÷ 2 = 258 + 0;
  • 258 ÷ 2 = 129 + 0;
  • 129 ÷ 2 = 64 + 1;
  • 64 ÷ 2 = 32 + 0;
  • 32 ÷ 2 = 16 + 0;
  • 16 ÷ 2 = 8 + 0;
  • 8 ÷ 2 = 4 + 0;
  • 4 ÷ 2 = 2 + 0;
  • 2 ÷ 2 = 1 + 0;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

1032(10) =

100 0000 1000(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (if any of the excess bits is set on 1, we are losing precision...).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 0100 0111 0100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 00 0000 1001 =

0100 0111 0100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
100 0000 1000

Mantissa (52 bits) =
0100 0111 0100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100


Decimal number 654.599 999 999 999 910 09 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 100 0000 1000 - 0100 0111 0100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100