654.599 999 999 999 909 46 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 654.599 999 999 999 909 46(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
654.599 999 999 999 909 46(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 654.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 654 ÷ 2 = 327 + 0;
  • 327 ÷ 2 = 163 + 1;
  • 163 ÷ 2 = 81 + 1;
  • 81 ÷ 2 = 40 + 1;
  • 40 ÷ 2 = 20 + 0;
  • 20 ÷ 2 = 10 + 0;
  • 10 ÷ 2 = 5 + 0;
  • 5 ÷ 2 = 2 + 1;
  • 2 ÷ 2 = 1 + 0;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

654(10) =

10 1000 1110(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.599 999 999 999 909 46.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.599 999 999 999 909 46 × 2 = 1 + 0.199 999 999 999 818 92;
  • 2) 0.199 999 999 999 818 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.399 999 999 999 637 84;
  • 3) 0.399 999 999 999 637 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.799 999 999 999 275 68;
  • 4) 0.799 999 999 999 275 68 × 2 = 1 + 0.599 999 999 998 551 36;
  • 5) 0.599 999 999 998 551 36 × 2 = 1 + 0.199 999 999 997 102 72;
  • 6) 0.199 999 999 997 102 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.399 999 999 994 205 44;
  • 7) 0.399 999 999 994 205 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.799 999 999 988 410 88;
  • 8) 0.799 999 999 988 410 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.599 999 999 976 821 76;
  • 9) 0.599 999 999 976 821 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.199 999 999 953 643 52;
  • 10) 0.199 999 999 953 643 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.399 999 999 907 287 04;
  • 11) 0.399 999 999 907 287 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.799 999 999 814 574 08;
  • 12) 0.799 999 999 814 574 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.599 999 999 629 148 16;
  • 13) 0.599 999 999 629 148 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.199 999 999 258 296 32;
  • 14) 0.199 999 999 258 296 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.399 999 998 516 592 64;
  • 15) 0.399 999 998 516 592 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.799 999 997 033 185 28;
  • 16) 0.799 999 997 033 185 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.599 999 994 066 370 56;
  • 17) 0.599 999 994 066 370 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.199 999 988 132 741 12;
  • 18) 0.199 999 988 132 741 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.399 999 976 265 482 24;
  • 19) 0.399 999 976 265 482 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.799 999 952 530 964 48;
  • 20) 0.799 999 952 530 964 48 × 2 = 1 + 0.599 999 905 061 928 96;
  • 21) 0.599 999 905 061 928 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.199 999 810 123 857 92;
  • 22) 0.199 999 810 123 857 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.399 999 620 247 715 84;
  • 23) 0.399 999 620 247 715 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.799 999 240 495 431 68;
  • 24) 0.799 999 240 495 431 68 × 2 = 1 + 0.599 998 480 990 863 36;
  • 25) 0.599 998 480 990 863 36 × 2 = 1 + 0.199 996 961 981 726 72;
  • 26) 0.199 996 961 981 726 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.399 993 923 963 453 44;
  • 27) 0.399 993 923 963 453 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.799 987 847 926 906 88;
  • 28) 0.799 987 847 926 906 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.599 975 695 853 813 76;
  • 29) 0.599 975 695 853 813 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.199 951 391 707 627 52;
  • 30) 0.199 951 391 707 627 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.399 902 783 415 255 04;
  • 31) 0.399 902 783 415 255 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.799 805 566 830 510 08;
  • 32) 0.799 805 566 830 510 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.599 611 133 661 020 16;
  • 33) 0.599 611 133 661 020 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.199 222 267 322 040 32;
  • 34) 0.199 222 267 322 040 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.398 444 534 644 080 64;
  • 35) 0.398 444 534 644 080 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.796 889 069 288 161 28;
  • 36) 0.796 889 069 288 161 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.593 778 138 576 322 56;
  • 37) 0.593 778 138 576 322 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.187 556 277 152 645 12;
  • 38) 0.187 556 277 152 645 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.375 112 554 305 290 24;
  • 39) 0.375 112 554 305 290 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.750 225 108 610 580 48;
  • 40) 0.750 225 108 610 580 48 × 2 = 1 + 0.500 450 217 221 160 96;
  • 41) 0.500 450 217 221 160 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.000 900 434 442 321 92;
  • 42) 0.000 900 434 442 321 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 800 868 884 643 84;
  • 43) 0.001 800 868 884 643 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.003 601 737 769 287 68;
  • 44) 0.003 601 737 769 287 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.007 203 475 538 575 36;
  • 45) 0.007 203 475 538 575 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.014 406 951 077 150 72;
  • 46) 0.014 406 951 077 150 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.028 813 902 154 301 44;
  • 47) 0.028 813 902 154 301 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.057 627 804 308 602 88;
  • 48) 0.057 627 804 308 602 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.115 255 608 617 205 76;
  • 49) 0.115 255 608 617 205 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.230 511 217 234 411 52;
  • 50) 0.230 511 217 234 411 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.461 022 434 468 823 04;
  • 51) 0.461 022 434 468 823 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.922 044 868 937 646 08;
  • 52) 0.922 044 868 937 646 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.844 089 737 875 292 16;
  • 53) 0.844 089 737 875 292 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.688 179 475 750 584 32;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.599 999 999 999 909 46(10) =

0.1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1000 0000 0001 1(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

654.599 999 999 999 909 46(10) =

10 1000 1110.1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1000 0000 0001 1(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 9 positions to the left, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


654.599 999 999 999 909 46(10) =

10 1000 1110.1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1000 0000 0001 1(2) =

10 1000 1110.1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1000 0000 0001 1(2) × 20 =

1.0100 0111 0100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 0000 0000 11(2) × 29


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): 9

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.0100 0111 0100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 0000 0000 11


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

9 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(9 + 1 023)(10) =

1 032(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 032 ÷ 2 = 516 + 0;
  • 516 ÷ 2 = 258 + 0;
  • 258 ÷ 2 = 129 + 0;
  • 129 ÷ 2 = 64 + 1;
  • 64 ÷ 2 = 32 + 0;
  • 32 ÷ 2 = 16 + 0;
  • 16 ÷ 2 = 8 + 0;
  • 8 ÷ 2 = 4 + 0;
  • 4 ÷ 2 = 2 + 0;
  • 2 ÷ 2 = 1 + 0;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

1032(10) =

100 0000 1000(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (if any of the excess bits is set on 1, we are losing precision...).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 0100 0111 0100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 00 0000 0011 =

0100 0111 0100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
100 0000 1000

Mantissa (52 bits) =
0100 0111 0100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100


Decimal number 654.599 999 999 999 909 46 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 100 0000 1000 - 0100 0111 0100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100