293.309 999 999 999 945 430 317 893 624 305 725 042 1 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 293.309 999 999 999 945 430 317 893 624 305 725 042 1(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
293.309 999 999 999 945 430 317 893 624 305 725 042 1(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 293.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 293 ÷ 2 = 146 + 1;
  • 146 ÷ 2 = 73 + 0;
  • 73 ÷ 2 = 36 + 1;
  • 36 ÷ 2 = 18 + 0;
  • 18 ÷ 2 = 9 + 0;
  • 9 ÷ 2 = 4 + 1;
  • 4 ÷ 2 = 2 + 0;
  • 2 ÷ 2 = 1 + 0;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

293(10) =

1 0010 0101(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.309 999 999 999 945 430 317 893 624 305 725 042 1.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.309 999 999 999 945 430 317 893 624 305 725 042 1 × 2 = 0 + 0.619 999 999 999 890 860 635 787 248 611 450 084 2;
  • 2) 0.619 999 999 999 890 860 635 787 248 611 450 084 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.239 999 999 999 781 721 271 574 497 222 900 168 4;
  • 3) 0.239 999 999 999 781 721 271 574 497 222 900 168 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.479 999 999 999 563 442 543 148 994 445 800 336 8;
  • 4) 0.479 999 999 999 563 442 543 148 994 445 800 336 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.959 999 999 999 126 885 086 297 988 891 600 673 6;
  • 5) 0.959 999 999 999 126 885 086 297 988 891 600 673 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.919 999 999 998 253 770 172 595 977 783 201 347 2;
  • 6) 0.919 999 999 998 253 770 172 595 977 783 201 347 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.839 999 999 996 507 540 345 191 955 566 402 694 4;
  • 7) 0.839 999 999 996 507 540 345 191 955 566 402 694 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.679 999 999 993 015 080 690 383 911 132 805 388 8;
  • 8) 0.679 999 999 993 015 080 690 383 911 132 805 388 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.359 999 999 986 030 161 380 767 822 265 610 777 6;
  • 9) 0.359 999 999 986 030 161 380 767 822 265 610 777 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.719 999 999 972 060 322 761 535 644 531 221 555 2;
  • 10) 0.719 999 999 972 060 322 761 535 644 531 221 555 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.439 999 999 944 120 645 523 071 289 062 443 110 4;
  • 11) 0.439 999 999 944 120 645 523 071 289 062 443 110 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.879 999 999 888 241 291 046 142 578 124 886 220 8;
  • 12) 0.879 999 999 888 241 291 046 142 578 124 886 220 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.759 999 999 776 482 582 092 285 156 249 772 441 6;
  • 13) 0.759 999 999 776 482 582 092 285 156 249 772 441 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.519 999 999 552 965 164 184 570 312 499 544 883 2;
  • 14) 0.519 999 999 552 965 164 184 570 312 499 544 883 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.039 999 999 105 930 328 369 140 624 999 089 766 4;
  • 15) 0.039 999 999 105 930 328 369 140 624 999 089 766 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.079 999 998 211 860 656 738 281 249 998 179 532 8;
  • 16) 0.079 999 998 211 860 656 738 281 249 998 179 532 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.159 999 996 423 721 313 476 562 499 996 359 065 6;
  • 17) 0.159 999 996 423 721 313 476 562 499 996 359 065 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.319 999 992 847 442 626 953 124 999 992 718 131 2;
  • 18) 0.319 999 992 847 442 626 953 124 999 992 718 131 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.639 999 985 694 885 253 906 249 999 985 436 262 4;
  • 19) 0.639 999 985 694 885 253 906 249 999 985 436 262 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.279 999 971 389 770 507 812 499 999 970 872 524 8;
  • 20) 0.279 999 971 389 770 507 812 499 999 970 872 524 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.559 999 942 779 541 015 624 999 999 941 745 049 6;
  • 21) 0.559 999 942 779 541 015 624 999 999 941 745 049 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.119 999 885 559 082 031 249 999 999 883 490 099 2;
  • 22) 0.119 999 885 559 082 031 249 999 999 883 490 099 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.239 999 771 118 164 062 499 999 999 766 980 198 4;
  • 23) 0.239 999 771 118 164 062 499 999 999 766 980 198 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.479 999 542 236 328 124 999 999 999 533 960 396 8;
  • 24) 0.479 999 542 236 328 124 999 999 999 533 960 396 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.959 999 084 472 656 249 999 999 999 067 920 793 6;
  • 25) 0.959 999 084 472 656 249 999 999 999 067 920 793 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.919 998 168 945 312 499 999 999 998 135 841 587 2;
  • 26) 0.919 998 168 945 312 499 999 999 998 135 841 587 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.839 996 337 890 624 999 999 999 996 271 683 174 4;
  • 27) 0.839 996 337 890 624 999 999 999 996 271 683 174 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.679 992 675 781 249 999 999 999 992 543 366 348 8;
  • 28) 0.679 992 675 781 249 999 999 999 992 543 366 348 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.359 985 351 562 499 999 999 999 985 086 732 697 6;
  • 29) 0.359 985 351 562 499 999 999 999 985 086 732 697 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.719 970 703 124 999 999 999 999 970 173 465 395 2;
  • 30) 0.719 970 703 124 999 999 999 999 970 173 465 395 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.439 941 406 249 999 999 999 999 940 346 930 790 4;
  • 31) 0.439 941 406 249 999 999 999 999 940 346 930 790 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.879 882 812 499 999 999 999 999 880 693 861 580 8;
  • 32) 0.879 882 812 499 999 999 999 999 880 693 861 580 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.759 765 624 999 999 999 999 999 761 387 723 161 6;
  • 33) 0.759 765 624 999 999 999 999 999 761 387 723 161 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.519 531 249 999 999 999 999 999 522 775 446 323 2;
  • 34) 0.519 531 249 999 999 999 999 999 522 775 446 323 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.039 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 045 550 892 646 4;
  • 35) 0.039 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 045 550 892 646 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.078 124 999 999 999 999 999 998 091 101 785 292 8;
  • 36) 0.078 124 999 999 999 999 999 998 091 101 785 292 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.156 249 999 999 999 999 999 996 182 203 570 585 6;
  • 37) 0.156 249 999 999 999 999 999 996 182 203 570 585 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.312 499 999 999 999 999 999 992 364 407 141 171 2;
  • 38) 0.312 499 999 999 999 999 999 992 364 407 141 171 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.624 999 999 999 999 999 999 984 728 814 282 342 4;
  • 39) 0.624 999 999 999 999 999 999 984 728 814 282 342 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.249 999 999 999 999 999 999 969 457 628 564 684 8;
  • 40) 0.249 999 999 999 999 999 999 969 457 628 564 684 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 999 999 999 999 999 999 938 915 257 129 369 6;
  • 41) 0.499 999 999 999 999 999 999 938 915 257 129 369 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 877 830 514 258 739 2;
  • 42) 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 877 830 514 258 739 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 755 661 028 517 478 4;
  • 43) 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 755 661 028 517 478 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 511 322 057 034 956 8;
  • 44) 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 511 322 057 034 956 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 022 644 114 069 913 6;
  • 45) 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 022 644 114 069 913 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 998 045 288 228 139 827 2;
  • 46) 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 998 045 288 228 139 827 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 996 090 576 456 279 654 4;
  • 47) 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 996 090 576 456 279 654 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 992 181 152 912 559 308 8;
  • 48) 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 992 181 152 912 559 308 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 984 362 305 825 118 617 6;
  • 49) 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 984 362 305 825 118 617 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 968 724 611 650 237 235 2;
  • 50) 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 968 724 611 650 237 235 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 937 449 223 300 474 470 4;
  • 51) 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 937 449 223 300 474 470 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 874 898 446 600 948 940 8;
  • 52) 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 874 898 446 600 948 940 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 749 796 893 201 897 881 6;
  • 53) 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 749 796 893 201 897 881 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 499 593 786 403 795 763 2;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.309 999 999 999 945 430 317 893 624 305 725 042 1(10) =

0.0100 1111 0101 1100 0010 1000 1111 0101 1100 0010 0111 1111 1111 1(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

293.309 999 999 999 945 430 317 893 624 305 725 042 1(10) =

1 0010 0101.0100 1111 0101 1100 0010 1000 1111 0101 1100 0010 0111 1111 1111 1(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 8 positions to the left, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


293.309 999 999 999 945 430 317 893 624 305 725 042 1(10) =

1 0010 0101.0100 1111 0101 1100 0010 1000 1111 0101 1100 0010 0111 1111 1111 1(2) =

1 0010 0101.0100 1111 0101 1100 0010 1000 1111 0101 1100 0010 0111 1111 1111 1(2) × 20 =

1.0010 0101 0100 1111 0101 1100 0010 1000 1111 0101 1100 0010 0111 1111 1111 1(2) × 28


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): 8

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.0010 0101 0100 1111 0101 1100 0010 1000 1111 0101 1100 0010 0111 1111 1111 1


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

8 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(8 + 1 023)(10) =

1 031(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 031 ÷ 2 = 515 + 1;
  • 515 ÷ 2 = 257 + 1;
  • 257 ÷ 2 = 128 + 1;
  • 128 ÷ 2 = 64 + 0;
  • 64 ÷ 2 = 32 + 0;
  • 32 ÷ 2 = 16 + 0;
  • 16 ÷ 2 = 8 + 0;
  • 8 ÷ 2 = 4 + 0;
  • 4 ÷ 2 = 2 + 0;
  • 2 ÷ 2 = 1 + 0;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

1031(10) =

100 0000 0111(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (if any of the excess bits is set on 1, we are losing precision...).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 0010 0101 0100 1111 0101 1100 0010 1000 1111 0101 1100 0010 0111 1 1111 1111 =

0010 0101 0100 1111 0101 1100 0010 1000 1111 0101 1100 0010 0111


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
100 0000 0111

Mantissa (52 bits) =
0010 0101 0100 1111 0101 1100 0010 1000 1111 0101 1100 0010 0111


Decimal number 293.309 999 999 999 945 430 317 893 624 305 725 042 1 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 100 0000 0111 - 0010 0101 0100 1111 0101 1100 0010 1000 1111 0101 1100 0010 0111

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100