1.618 033 988 749 894 848 204 586 834 365 638 117 720 309 179 805 803 8 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 1.618 033 988 749 894 848 204 586 834 365 638 117 720 309 179 805 803 8(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
1.618 033 988 749 894 848 204 586 834 365 638 117 720 309 179 805 803 8(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 1.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

1(10) =

1(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.618 033 988 749 894 848 204 586 834 365 638 117 720 309 179 805 803 8.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.618 033 988 749 894 848 204 586 834 365 638 117 720 309 179 805 803 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.236 067 977 499 789 696 409 173 668 731 276 235 440 618 359 611 607 6;
  • 2) 0.236 067 977 499 789 696 409 173 668 731 276 235 440 618 359 611 607 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.472 135 954 999 579 392 818 347 337 462 552 470 881 236 719 223 215 2;
  • 3) 0.472 135 954 999 579 392 818 347 337 462 552 470 881 236 719 223 215 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.944 271 909 999 158 785 636 694 674 925 104 941 762 473 438 446 430 4;
  • 4) 0.944 271 909 999 158 785 636 694 674 925 104 941 762 473 438 446 430 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.888 543 819 998 317 571 273 389 349 850 209 883 524 946 876 892 860 8;
  • 5) 0.888 543 819 998 317 571 273 389 349 850 209 883 524 946 876 892 860 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.777 087 639 996 635 142 546 778 699 700 419 767 049 893 753 785 721 6;
  • 6) 0.777 087 639 996 635 142 546 778 699 700 419 767 049 893 753 785 721 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.554 175 279 993 270 285 093 557 399 400 839 534 099 787 507 571 443 2;
  • 7) 0.554 175 279 993 270 285 093 557 399 400 839 534 099 787 507 571 443 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.108 350 559 986 540 570 187 114 798 801 679 068 199 575 015 142 886 4;
  • 8) 0.108 350 559 986 540 570 187 114 798 801 679 068 199 575 015 142 886 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.216 701 119 973 081 140 374 229 597 603 358 136 399 150 030 285 772 8;
  • 9) 0.216 701 119 973 081 140 374 229 597 603 358 136 399 150 030 285 772 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.433 402 239 946 162 280 748 459 195 206 716 272 798 300 060 571 545 6;
  • 10) 0.433 402 239 946 162 280 748 459 195 206 716 272 798 300 060 571 545 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.866 804 479 892 324 561 496 918 390 413 432 545 596 600 121 143 091 2;
  • 11) 0.866 804 479 892 324 561 496 918 390 413 432 545 596 600 121 143 091 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.733 608 959 784 649 122 993 836 780 826 865 091 193 200 242 286 182 4;
  • 12) 0.733 608 959 784 649 122 993 836 780 826 865 091 193 200 242 286 182 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.467 217 919 569 298 245 987 673 561 653 730 182 386 400 484 572 364 8;
  • 13) 0.467 217 919 569 298 245 987 673 561 653 730 182 386 400 484 572 364 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.934 435 839 138 596 491 975 347 123 307 460 364 772 800 969 144 729 6;
  • 14) 0.934 435 839 138 596 491 975 347 123 307 460 364 772 800 969 144 729 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.868 871 678 277 192 983 950 694 246 614 920 729 545 601 938 289 459 2;
  • 15) 0.868 871 678 277 192 983 950 694 246 614 920 729 545 601 938 289 459 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.737 743 356 554 385 967 901 388 493 229 841 459 091 203 876 578 918 4;
  • 16) 0.737 743 356 554 385 967 901 388 493 229 841 459 091 203 876 578 918 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.475 486 713 108 771 935 802 776 986 459 682 918 182 407 753 157 836 8;
  • 17) 0.475 486 713 108 771 935 802 776 986 459 682 918 182 407 753 157 836 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.950 973 426 217 543 871 605 553 972 919 365 836 364 815 506 315 673 6;
  • 18) 0.950 973 426 217 543 871 605 553 972 919 365 836 364 815 506 315 673 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.901 946 852 435 087 743 211 107 945 838 731 672 729 631 012 631 347 2;
  • 19) 0.901 946 852 435 087 743 211 107 945 838 731 672 729 631 012 631 347 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.803 893 704 870 175 486 422 215 891 677 463 345 459 262 025 262 694 4;
  • 20) 0.803 893 704 870 175 486 422 215 891 677 463 345 459 262 025 262 694 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.607 787 409 740 350 972 844 431 783 354 926 690 918 524 050 525 388 8;
  • 21) 0.607 787 409 740 350 972 844 431 783 354 926 690 918 524 050 525 388 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.215 574 819 480 701 945 688 863 566 709 853 381 837 048 101 050 777 6;
  • 22) 0.215 574 819 480 701 945 688 863 566 709 853 381 837 048 101 050 777 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.431 149 638 961 403 891 377 727 133 419 706 763 674 096 202 101 555 2;
  • 23) 0.431 149 638 961 403 891 377 727 133 419 706 763 674 096 202 101 555 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.862 299 277 922 807 782 755 454 266 839 413 527 348 192 404 203 110 4;
  • 24) 0.862 299 277 922 807 782 755 454 266 839 413 527 348 192 404 203 110 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.724 598 555 845 615 565 510 908 533 678 827 054 696 384 808 406 220 8;
  • 25) 0.724 598 555 845 615 565 510 908 533 678 827 054 696 384 808 406 220 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.449 197 111 691 231 131 021 817 067 357 654 109 392 769 616 812 441 6;
  • 26) 0.449 197 111 691 231 131 021 817 067 357 654 109 392 769 616 812 441 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.898 394 223 382 462 262 043 634 134 715 308 218 785 539 233 624 883 2;
  • 27) 0.898 394 223 382 462 262 043 634 134 715 308 218 785 539 233 624 883 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.796 788 446 764 924 524 087 268 269 430 616 437 571 078 467 249 766 4;
  • 28) 0.796 788 446 764 924 524 087 268 269 430 616 437 571 078 467 249 766 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.593 576 893 529 849 048 174 536 538 861 232 875 142 156 934 499 532 8;
  • 29) 0.593 576 893 529 849 048 174 536 538 861 232 875 142 156 934 499 532 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.187 153 787 059 698 096 349 073 077 722 465 750 284 313 868 999 065 6;
  • 30) 0.187 153 787 059 698 096 349 073 077 722 465 750 284 313 868 999 065 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.374 307 574 119 396 192 698 146 155 444 931 500 568 627 737 998 131 2;
  • 31) 0.374 307 574 119 396 192 698 146 155 444 931 500 568 627 737 998 131 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.748 615 148 238 792 385 396 292 310 889 863 001 137 255 475 996 262 4;
  • 32) 0.748 615 148 238 792 385 396 292 310 889 863 001 137 255 475 996 262 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.497 230 296 477 584 770 792 584 621 779 726 002 274 510 951 992 524 8;
  • 33) 0.497 230 296 477 584 770 792 584 621 779 726 002 274 510 951 992 524 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.994 460 592 955 169 541 585 169 243 559 452 004 549 021 903 985 049 6;
  • 34) 0.994 460 592 955 169 541 585 169 243 559 452 004 549 021 903 985 049 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.988 921 185 910 339 083 170 338 487 118 904 009 098 043 807 970 099 2;
  • 35) 0.988 921 185 910 339 083 170 338 487 118 904 009 098 043 807 970 099 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.977 842 371 820 678 166 340 676 974 237 808 018 196 087 615 940 198 4;
  • 36) 0.977 842 371 820 678 166 340 676 974 237 808 018 196 087 615 940 198 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.955 684 743 641 356 332 681 353 948 475 616 036 392 175 231 880 396 8;
  • 37) 0.955 684 743 641 356 332 681 353 948 475 616 036 392 175 231 880 396 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.911 369 487 282 712 665 362 707 896 951 232 072 784 350 463 760 793 6;
  • 38) 0.911 369 487 282 712 665 362 707 896 951 232 072 784 350 463 760 793 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.822 738 974 565 425 330 725 415 793 902 464 145 568 700 927 521 587 2;
  • 39) 0.822 738 974 565 425 330 725 415 793 902 464 145 568 700 927 521 587 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.645 477 949 130 850 661 450 831 587 804 928 291 137 401 855 043 174 4;
  • 40) 0.645 477 949 130 850 661 450 831 587 804 928 291 137 401 855 043 174 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.290 955 898 261 701 322 901 663 175 609 856 582 274 803 710 086 348 8;
  • 41) 0.290 955 898 261 701 322 901 663 175 609 856 582 274 803 710 086 348 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.581 911 796 523 402 645 803 326 351 219 713 164 549 607 420 172 697 6;
  • 42) 0.581 911 796 523 402 645 803 326 351 219 713 164 549 607 420 172 697 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.163 823 593 046 805 291 606 652 702 439 426 329 099 214 840 345 395 2;
  • 43) 0.163 823 593 046 805 291 606 652 702 439 426 329 099 214 840 345 395 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.327 647 186 093 610 583 213 305 404 878 852 658 198 429 680 690 790 4;
  • 44) 0.327 647 186 093 610 583 213 305 404 878 852 658 198 429 680 690 790 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.655 294 372 187 221 166 426 610 809 757 705 316 396 859 361 381 580 8;
  • 45) 0.655 294 372 187 221 166 426 610 809 757 705 316 396 859 361 381 580 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.310 588 744 374 442 332 853 221 619 515 410 632 793 718 722 763 161 6;
  • 46) 0.310 588 744 374 442 332 853 221 619 515 410 632 793 718 722 763 161 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.621 177 488 748 884 665 706 443 239 030 821 265 587 437 445 526 323 2;
  • 47) 0.621 177 488 748 884 665 706 443 239 030 821 265 587 437 445 526 323 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.242 354 977 497 769 331 412 886 478 061 642 531 174 874 891 052 646 4;
  • 48) 0.242 354 977 497 769 331 412 886 478 061 642 531 174 874 891 052 646 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.484 709 954 995 538 662 825 772 956 123 285 062 349 749 782 105 292 8;
  • 49) 0.484 709 954 995 538 662 825 772 956 123 285 062 349 749 782 105 292 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.969 419 909 991 077 325 651 545 912 246 570 124 699 499 564 210 585 6;
  • 50) 0.969 419 909 991 077 325 651 545 912 246 570 124 699 499 564 210 585 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.938 839 819 982 154 651 303 091 824 493 140 249 398 999 128 421 171 2;
  • 51) 0.938 839 819 982 154 651 303 091 824 493 140 249 398 999 128 421 171 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.877 679 639 964 309 302 606 183 648 986 280 498 797 998 256 842 342 4;
  • 52) 0.877 679 639 964 309 302 606 183 648 986 280 498 797 998 256 842 342 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.755 359 279 928 618 605 212 367 297 972 560 997 595 996 513 684 684 8;
  • 53) 0.755 359 279 928 618 605 212 367 297 972 560 997 595 996 513 684 684 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.510 718 559 857 237 210 424 734 595 945 121 995 191 993 027 369 369 6;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.618 033 988 749 894 848 204 586 834 365 638 117 720 309 179 805 803 8(10) =

0.1001 1110 0011 0111 0111 1001 1011 1001 0111 1111 0100 1010 0111 1(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

1.618 033 988 749 894 848 204 586 834 365 638 117 720 309 179 805 803 8(10) =

1.1001 1110 0011 0111 0111 1001 1011 1001 0111 1111 0100 1010 0111 1(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 0 positions to the left, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


1.618 033 988 749 894 848 204 586 834 365 638 117 720 309 179 805 803 8(10) =

1.1001 1110 0011 0111 0111 1001 1011 1001 0111 1111 0100 1010 0111 1(2) =

1.1001 1110 0011 0111 0111 1001 1011 1001 0111 1111 0100 1010 0111 1(2) × 20


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): 0

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.1001 1110 0011 0111 0111 1001 1011 1001 0111 1111 0100 1010 0111 1


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

0 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(0 + 1 023)(10) =

1 023(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 023 ÷ 2 = 511 + 1;
  • 511 ÷ 2 = 255 + 1;
  • 255 ÷ 2 = 127 + 1;
  • 127 ÷ 2 = 63 + 1;
  • 63 ÷ 2 = 31 + 1;
  • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

1023(10) =

011 1111 1111(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (if any of the excess bits is set on 1, we are losing precision...).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 1001 1110 0011 0111 0111 1001 1011 1001 0111 1111 0100 1010 0111 1 =

1001 1110 0011 0111 0111 1001 1011 1001 0111 1111 0100 1010 0111


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1111 1111

Mantissa (52 bits) =
1001 1110 0011 0111 0111 1001 1011 1001 0111 1111 0100 1010 0111


Decimal number 1.618 033 988 749 894 848 204 586 834 365 638 117 720 309 179 805 803 8 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1111 1111 - 1001 1110 0011 0111 0111 1001 1011 1001 0111 1111 0100 1010 0111

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100