1.161 834 032 785 773 095 167 300 531 840 609 646 036 411 516 475 047 407 229 817 563 319 072 995 125 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 1.161 834 032 785 773 095 167 300 531 840 609 646 036 411 516 475 047 407 229 817 563 319 072 995 125(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
1.161 834 032 785 773 095 167 300 531 840 609 646 036 411 516 475 047 407 229 817 563 319 072 995 125(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 1.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

1(10) =

1(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.161 834 032 785 773 095 167 300 531 840 609 646 036 411 516 475 047 407 229 817 563 319 072 995 125.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.161 834 032 785 773 095 167 300 531 840 609 646 036 411 516 475 047 407 229 817 563 319 072 995 125 × 2 = 0 + 0.323 668 065 571 546 190 334 601 063 681 219 292 072 823 032 950 094 814 459 635 126 638 145 990 25;
  • 2) 0.323 668 065 571 546 190 334 601 063 681 219 292 072 823 032 950 094 814 459 635 126 638 145 990 25 × 2 = 0 + 0.647 336 131 143 092 380 669 202 127 362 438 584 145 646 065 900 189 628 919 270 253 276 291 980 5;
  • 3) 0.647 336 131 143 092 380 669 202 127 362 438 584 145 646 065 900 189 628 919 270 253 276 291 980 5 × 2 = 1 + 0.294 672 262 286 184 761 338 404 254 724 877 168 291 292 131 800 379 257 838 540 506 552 583 961;
  • 4) 0.294 672 262 286 184 761 338 404 254 724 877 168 291 292 131 800 379 257 838 540 506 552 583 961 × 2 = 0 + 0.589 344 524 572 369 522 676 808 509 449 754 336 582 584 263 600 758 515 677 081 013 105 167 922;
  • 5) 0.589 344 524 572 369 522 676 808 509 449 754 336 582 584 263 600 758 515 677 081 013 105 167 922 × 2 = 1 + 0.178 689 049 144 739 045 353 617 018 899 508 673 165 168 527 201 517 031 354 162 026 210 335 844;
  • 6) 0.178 689 049 144 739 045 353 617 018 899 508 673 165 168 527 201 517 031 354 162 026 210 335 844 × 2 = 0 + 0.357 378 098 289 478 090 707 234 037 799 017 346 330 337 054 403 034 062 708 324 052 420 671 688;
  • 7) 0.357 378 098 289 478 090 707 234 037 799 017 346 330 337 054 403 034 062 708 324 052 420 671 688 × 2 = 0 + 0.714 756 196 578 956 181 414 468 075 598 034 692 660 674 108 806 068 125 416 648 104 841 343 376;
  • 8) 0.714 756 196 578 956 181 414 468 075 598 034 692 660 674 108 806 068 125 416 648 104 841 343 376 × 2 = 1 + 0.429 512 393 157 912 362 828 936 151 196 069 385 321 348 217 612 136 250 833 296 209 682 686 752;
  • 9) 0.429 512 393 157 912 362 828 936 151 196 069 385 321 348 217 612 136 250 833 296 209 682 686 752 × 2 = 0 + 0.859 024 786 315 824 725 657 872 302 392 138 770 642 696 435 224 272 501 666 592 419 365 373 504;
  • 10) 0.859 024 786 315 824 725 657 872 302 392 138 770 642 696 435 224 272 501 666 592 419 365 373 504 × 2 = 1 + 0.718 049 572 631 649 451 315 744 604 784 277 541 285 392 870 448 545 003 333 184 838 730 747 008;
  • 11) 0.718 049 572 631 649 451 315 744 604 784 277 541 285 392 870 448 545 003 333 184 838 730 747 008 × 2 = 1 + 0.436 099 145 263 298 902 631 489 209 568 555 082 570 785 740 897 090 006 666 369 677 461 494 016;
  • 12) 0.436 099 145 263 298 902 631 489 209 568 555 082 570 785 740 897 090 006 666 369 677 461 494 016 × 2 = 0 + 0.872 198 290 526 597 805 262 978 419 137 110 165 141 571 481 794 180 013 332 739 354 922 988 032;
  • 13) 0.872 198 290 526 597 805 262 978 419 137 110 165 141 571 481 794 180 013 332 739 354 922 988 032 × 2 = 1 + 0.744 396 581 053 195 610 525 956 838 274 220 330 283 142 963 588 360 026 665 478 709 845 976 064;
  • 14) 0.744 396 581 053 195 610 525 956 838 274 220 330 283 142 963 588 360 026 665 478 709 845 976 064 × 2 = 1 + 0.488 793 162 106 391 221 051 913 676 548 440 660 566 285 927 176 720 053 330 957 419 691 952 128;
  • 15) 0.488 793 162 106 391 221 051 913 676 548 440 660 566 285 927 176 720 053 330 957 419 691 952 128 × 2 = 0 + 0.977 586 324 212 782 442 103 827 353 096 881 321 132 571 854 353 440 106 661 914 839 383 904 256;
  • 16) 0.977 586 324 212 782 442 103 827 353 096 881 321 132 571 854 353 440 106 661 914 839 383 904 256 × 2 = 1 + 0.955 172 648 425 564 884 207 654 706 193 762 642 265 143 708 706 880 213 323 829 678 767 808 512;
  • 17) 0.955 172 648 425 564 884 207 654 706 193 762 642 265 143 708 706 880 213 323 829 678 767 808 512 × 2 = 1 + 0.910 345 296 851 129 768 415 309 412 387 525 284 530 287 417 413 760 426 647 659 357 535 617 024;
  • 18) 0.910 345 296 851 129 768 415 309 412 387 525 284 530 287 417 413 760 426 647 659 357 535 617 024 × 2 = 1 + 0.820 690 593 702 259 536 830 618 824 775 050 569 060 574 834 827 520 853 295 318 715 071 234 048;
  • 19) 0.820 690 593 702 259 536 830 618 824 775 050 569 060 574 834 827 520 853 295 318 715 071 234 048 × 2 = 1 + 0.641 381 187 404 519 073 661 237 649 550 101 138 121 149 669 655 041 706 590 637 430 142 468 096;
  • 20) 0.641 381 187 404 519 073 661 237 649 550 101 138 121 149 669 655 041 706 590 637 430 142 468 096 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 762 374 809 038 147 322 475 299 100 202 276 242 299 339 310 083 413 181 274 860 284 936 192;
  • 21) 0.282 762 374 809 038 147 322 475 299 100 202 276 242 299 339 310 083 413 181 274 860 284 936 192 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 524 749 618 076 294 644 950 598 200 404 552 484 598 678 620 166 826 362 549 720 569 872 384;
  • 22) 0.565 524 749 618 076 294 644 950 598 200 404 552 484 598 678 620 166 826 362 549 720 569 872 384 × 2 = 1 + 0.131 049 499 236 152 589 289 901 196 400 809 104 969 197 357 240 333 652 725 099 441 139 744 768;
  • 23) 0.131 049 499 236 152 589 289 901 196 400 809 104 969 197 357 240 333 652 725 099 441 139 744 768 × 2 = 0 + 0.262 098 998 472 305 178 579 802 392 801 618 209 938 394 714 480 667 305 450 198 882 279 489 536;
  • 24) 0.262 098 998 472 305 178 579 802 392 801 618 209 938 394 714 480 667 305 450 198 882 279 489 536 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 197 996 944 610 357 159 604 785 603 236 419 876 789 428 961 334 610 900 397 764 558 979 072;
  • 25) 0.524 197 996 944 610 357 159 604 785 603 236 419 876 789 428 961 334 610 900 397 764 558 979 072 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 395 993 889 220 714 319 209 571 206 472 839 753 578 857 922 669 221 800 795 529 117 958 144;
  • 26) 0.048 395 993 889 220 714 319 209 571 206 472 839 753 578 857 922 669 221 800 795 529 117 958 144 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 791 987 778 441 428 638 419 142 412 945 679 507 157 715 845 338 443 601 591 058 235 916 288;
  • 27) 0.096 791 987 778 441 428 638 419 142 412 945 679 507 157 715 845 338 443 601 591 058 235 916 288 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 583 975 556 882 857 276 838 284 825 891 359 014 315 431 690 676 887 203 182 116 471 832 576;
  • 28) 0.193 583 975 556 882 857 276 838 284 825 891 359 014 315 431 690 676 887 203 182 116 471 832 576 × 2 = 0 + 0.387 167 951 113 765 714 553 676 569 651 782 718 028 630 863 381 353 774 406 364 232 943 665 152;
  • 29) 0.387 167 951 113 765 714 553 676 569 651 782 718 028 630 863 381 353 774 406 364 232 943 665 152 × 2 = 0 + 0.774 335 902 227 531 429 107 353 139 303 565 436 057 261 726 762 707 548 812 728 465 887 330 304;
  • 30) 0.774 335 902 227 531 429 107 353 139 303 565 436 057 261 726 762 707 548 812 728 465 887 330 304 × 2 = 1 + 0.548 671 804 455 062 858 214 706 278 607 130 872 114 523 453 525 415 097 625 456 931 774 660 608;
  • 31) 0.548 671 804 455 062 858 214 706 278 607 130 872 114 523 453 525 415 097 625 456 931 774 660 608 × 2 = 1 + 0.097 343 608 910 125 716 429 412 557 214 261 744 229 046 907 050 830 195 250 913 863 549 321 216;
  • 32) 0.097 343 608 910 125 716 429 412 557 214 261 744 229 046 907 050 830 195 250 913 863 549 321 216 × 2 = 0 + 0.194 687 217 820 251 432 858 825 114 428 523 488 458 093 814 101 660 390 501 827 727 098 642 432;
  • 33) 0.194 687 217 820 251 432 858 825 114 428 523 488 458 093 814 101 660 390 501 827 727 098 642 432 × 2 = 0 + 0.389 374 435 640 502 865 717 650 228 857 046 976 916 187 628 203 320 781 003 655 454 197 284 864;
  • 34) 0.389 374 435 640 502 865 717 650 228 857 046 976 916 187 628 203 320 781 003 655 454 197 284 864 × 2 = 0 + 0.778 748 871 281 005 731 435 300 457 714 093 953 832 375 256 406 641 562 007 310 908 394 569 728;
  • 35) 0.778 748 871 281 005 731 435 300 457 714 093 953 832 375 256 406 641 562 007 310 908 394 569 728 × 2 = 1 + 0.557 497 742 562 011 462 870 600 915 428 187 907 664 750 512 813 283 124 014 621 816 789 139 456;
  • 36) 0.557 497 742 562 011 462 870 600 915 428 187 907 664 750 512 813 283 124 014 621 816 789 139 456 × 2 = 1 + 0.114 995 485 124 022 925 741 201 830 856 375 815 329 501 025 626 566 248 029 243 633 578 278 912;
  • 37) 0.114 995 485 124 022 925 741 201 830 856 375 815 329 501 025 626 566 248 029 243 633 578 278 912 × 2 = 0 + 0.229 990 970 248 045 851 482 403 661 712 751 630 659 002 051 253 132 496 058 487 267 156 557 824;
  • 38) 0.229 990 970 248 045 851 482 403 661 712 751 630 659 002 051 253 132 496 058 487 267 156 557 824 × 2 = 0 + 0.459 981 940 496 091 702 964 807 323 425 503 261 318 004 102 506 264 992 116 974 534 313 115 648;
  • 39) 0.459 981 940 496 091 702 964 807 323 425 503 261 318 004 102 506 264 992 116 974 534 313 115 648 × 2 = 0 + 0.919 963 880 992 183 405 929 614 646 851 006 522 636 008 205 012 529 984 233 949 068 626 231 296;
  • 40) 0.919 963 880 992 183 405 929 614 646 851 006 522 636 008 205 012 529 984 233 949 068 626 231 296 × 2 = 1 + 0.839 927 761 984 366 811 859 229 293 702 013 045 272 016 410 025 059 968 467 898 137 252 462 592;
  • 41) 0.839 927 761 984 366 811 859 229 293 702 013 045 272 016 410 025 059 968 467 898 137 252 462 592 × 2 = 1 + 0.679 855 523 968 733 623 718 458 587 404 026 090 544 032 820 050 119 936 935 796 274 504 925 184;
  • 42) 0.679 855 523 968 733 623 718 458 587 404 026 090 544 032 820 050 119 936 935 796 274 504 925 184 × 2 = 1 + 0.359 711 047 937 467 247 436 917 174 808 052 181 088 065 640 100 239 873 871 592 549 009 850 368;
  • 43) 0.359 711 047 937 467 247 436 917 174 808 052 181 088 065 640 100 239 873 871 592 549 009 850 368 × 2 = 0 + 0.719 422 095 874 934 494 873 834 349 616 104 362 176 131 280 200 479 747 743 185 098 019 700 736;
  • 44) 0.719 422 095 874 934 494 873 834 349 616 104 362 176 131 280 200 479 747 743 185 098 019 700 736 × 2 = 1 + 0.438 844 191 749 868 989 747 668 699 232 208 724 352 262 560 400 959 495 486 370 196 039 401 472;
  • 45) 0.438 844 191 749 868 989 747 668 699 232 208 724 352 262 560 400 959 495 486 370 196 039 401 472 × 2 = 0 + 0.877 688 383 499 737 979 495 337 398 464 417 448 704 525 120 801 918 990 972 740 392 078 802 944;
  • 46) 0.877 688 383 499 737 979 495 337 398 464 417 448 704 525 120 801 918 990 972 740 392 078 802 944 × 2 = 1 + 0.755 376 766 999 475 958 990 674 796 928 834 897 409 050 241 603 837 981 945 480 784 157 605 888;
  • 47) 0.755 376 766 999 475 958 990 674 796 928 834 897 409 050 241 603 837 981 945 480 784 157 605 888 × 2 = 1 + 0.510 753 533 998 951 917 981 349 593 857 669 794 818 100 483 207 675 963 890 961 568 315 211 776;
  • 48) 0.510 753 533 998 951 917 981 349 593 857 669 794 818 100 483 207 675 963 890 961 568 315 211 776 × 2 = 1 + 0.021 507 067 997 903 835 962 699 187 715 339 589 636 200 966 415 351 927 781 923 136 630 423 552;
  • 49) 0.021 507 067 997 903 835 962 699 187 715 339 589 636 200 966 415 351 927 781 923 136 630 423 552 × 2 = 0 + 0.043 014 135 995 807 671 925 398 375 430 679 179 272 401 932 830 703 855 563 846 273 260 847 104;
  • 50) 0.043 014 135 995 807 671 925 398 375 430 679 179 272 401 932 830 703 855 563 846 273 260 847 104 × 2 = 0 + 0.086 028 271 991 615 343 850 796 750 861 358 358 544 803 865 661 407 711 127 692 546 521 694 208;
  • 51) 0.086 028 271 991 615 343 850 796 750 861 358 358 544 803 865 661 407 711 127 692 546 521 694 208 × 2 = 0 + 0.172 056 543 983 230 687 701 593 501 722 716 717 089 607 731 322 815 422 255 385 093 043 388 416;
  • 52) 0.172 056 543 983 230 687 701 593 501 722 716 717 089 607 731 322 815 422 255 385 093 043 388 416 × 2 = 0 + 0.344 113 087 966 461 375 403 187 003 445 433 434 179 215 462 645 630 844 510 770 186 086 776 832;
  • 53) 0.344 113 087 966 461 375 403 187 003 445 433 434 179 215 462 645 630 844 510 770 186 086 776 832 × 2 = 0 + 0.688 226 175 932 922 750 806 374 006 890 866 868 358 430 925 291 261 689 021 540 372 173 553 664;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.161 834 032 785 773 095 167 300 531 840 609 646 036 411 516 475 047 407 229 817 563 319 072 995 125(10) =

0.0010 1001 0110 1101 1111 0100 1000 0110 0011 0001 1101 0111 0000 0(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

1.161 834 032 785 773 095 167 300 531 840 609 646 036 411 516 475 047 407 229 817 563 319 072 995 125(10) =

1.0010 1001 0110 1101 1111 0100 1000 0110 0011 0001 1101 0111 0000 0(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 0 positions to the left, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


1.161 834 032 785 773 095 167 300 531 840 609 646 036 411 516 475 047 407 229 817 563 319 072 995 125(10) =

1.0010 1001 0110 1101 1111 0100 1000 0110 0011 0001 1101 0111 0000 0(2) =

1.0010 1001 0110 1101 1111 0100 1000 0110 0011 0001 1101 0111 0000 0(2) × 20


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): 0

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.0010 1001 0110 1101 1111 0100 1000 0110 0011 0001 1101 0111 0000 0


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

0 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(0 + 1 023)(10) =

1 023(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 023 ÷ 2 = 511 + 1;
  • 511 ÷ 2 = 255 + 1;
  • 255 ÷ 2 = 127 + 1;
  • 127 ÷ 2 = 63 + 1;
  • 63 ÷ 2 = 31 + 1;
  • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

1023(10) =

011 1111 1111(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (if any of the excess bits is set on 1, we are losing precision...).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 0010 1001 0110 1101 1111 0100 1000 0110 0011 0001 1101 0111 0000 0 =

0010 1001 0110 1101 1111 0100 1000 0110 0011 0001 1101 0111 0000


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1111 1111

Mantissa (52 bits) =
0010 1001 0110 1101 1111 0100 1000 0110 0011 0001 1101 0111 0000


Decimal number 1.161 834 032 785 773 095 167 300 531 840 609 646 036 411 516 475 047 407 229 817 563 319 072 995 125 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1111 1111 - 0010 1001 0110 1101 1111 0100 1000 0110 0011 0001 1101 0111 0000

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100