0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 334 98 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 334 98(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 334 98(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 334 98.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 334 98 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 669 96;
  • 2) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 669 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 339 92;
  • 3) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 339 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 679 84;
  • 4) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 679 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 359 68;
  • 5) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 359 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 719 36;
  • 6) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 719 36 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 438 72;
  • 7) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 438 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 877 44;
  • 8) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 877 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 754 88;
  • 9) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 754 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 667 509 76;
  • 10) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 667 509 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 335 019 52;
  • 11) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 335 019 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 670 039 04;
  • 12) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 670 039 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 340 078 08;
  • 13) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 340 078 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 680 156 16;
  • 14) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 680 156 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 360 312 32;
  • 15) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 360 312 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 720 624 64;
  • 16) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 720 624 64 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 441 249 28;
  • 17) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 441 249 28 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 882 498 56;
  • 18) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 882 498 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 764 997 12;
  • 19) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 764 997 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 667 529 994 24;
  • 20) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 667 529 994 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 335 059 988 48;
  • 21) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 335 059 988 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 670 119 976 96;
  • 22) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 670 119 976 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 340 239 953 92;
  • 23) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 340 239 953 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 680 479 907 84;
  • 24) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 680 479 907 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 360 959 815 68;
  • 25) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 360 959 815 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 721 919 631 36;
  • 26) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 721 919 631 36 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 443 839 262 72;
  • 27) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 443 839 262 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 887 678 525 44;
  • 28) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 887 678 525 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 775 357 050 88;
  • 29) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 775 357 050 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 667 550 714 101 76;
  • 30) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 667 550 714 101 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 335 101 428 203 52;
  • 31) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 335 101 428 203 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 670 202 856 407 04;
  • 32) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 670 202 856 407 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 340 405 712 814 08;
  • 33) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 340 405 712 814 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 680 811 425 628 16;
  • 34) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 680 811 425 628 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 361 622 851 256 32;
  • 35) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 361 622 851 256 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 723 245 702 512 64;
  • 36) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 723 245 702 512 64 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 446 491 405 025 28;
  • 37) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 446 491 405 025 28 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 892 982 810 050 56;
  • 38) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 892 982 810 050 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 785 965 620 101 12;
  • 39) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 785 965 620 101 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 667 571 931 240 202 24;
  • 40) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 667 571 931 240 202 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 335 143 862 480 404 48;
  • 41) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 335 143 862 480 404 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 670 287 724 960 808 96;
  • 42) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 670 287 724 960 808 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 340 575 449 921 617 92;
  • 43) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 340 575 449 921 617 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 681 150 899 843 235 84;
  • 44) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 681 150 899 843 235 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 362 301 799 686 471 68;
  • 45) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 362 301 799 686 471 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 724 603 599 372 943 36;
  • 46) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 724 603 599 372 943 36 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 449 207 198 745 886 72;
  • 47) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 449 207 198 745 886 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 898 414 397 491 773 44;
  • 48) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 898 414 397 491 773 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 796 828 794 983 546 88;
  • 49) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 796 828 794 983 546 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 667 593 657 589 967 093 76;
  • 50) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 667 593 657 589 967 093 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 335 187 315 179 934 187 52;
  • 51) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 335 187 315 179 934 187 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 670 374 630 359 868 375 04;
  • 52) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 670 374 630 359 868 375 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 340 749 260 719 736 750 08;
  • 53) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 340 749 260 719 736 750 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 681 498 521 439 473 500 16;
  • 54) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 681 498 521 439 473 500 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 362 997 042 878 947 000 32;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 334 98(10) =

0.0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 01(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 334 98(10) =

0.0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 01(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 2 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 334 98(10) =

0.0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 01(2) =

0.0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 01(2) × 20 =

1.0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101(2) × 2-2


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -2

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-2 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-2 + 1 023)(10) =

1 021(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 021 ÷ 2 = 510 + 1;
  • 510 ÷ 2 = 255 + 0;
  • 255 ÷ 2 = 127 + 1;
  • 127 ÷ 2 = 63 + 1;
  • 63 ÷ 2 = 31 + 1;
  • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

1021(10) =

011 1111 1101(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 =

0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1111 1101

Mantissa (52 bits) =
0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101


Decimal number 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 334 98 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1111 1101 - 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100