0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 531 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 531(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 531(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 531.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 531 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 667 062;
  • 2) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 667 062 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 334 124;
  • 3) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 334 124 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 668 248;
  • 4) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 668 248 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 336 496;
  • 5) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 336 496 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 672 992;
  • 6) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 672 992 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 345 984;
  • 7) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 345 984 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 691 968;
  • 8) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 691 968 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 383 936;
  • 9) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 383 936 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 767 872;
  • 10) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 767 872 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 535 744;
  • 11) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 535 744 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 667 071 488;
  • 12) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 667 071 488 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 334 142 976;
  • 13) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 334 142 976 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 668 285 952;
  • 14) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 668 285 952 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 336 571 904;
  • 15) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 336 571 904 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 673 143 808;
  • 16) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 673 143 808 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 346 287 616;
  • 17) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 346 287 616 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 692 575 232;
  • 18) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 692 575 232 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 385 150 464;
  • 19) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 385 150 464 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 770 300 928;
  • 20) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 770 300 928 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 540 601 856;
  • 21) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 540 601 856 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 667 081 203 712;
  • 22) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 667 081 203 712 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 334 162 407 424;
  • 23) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 334 162 407 424 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 668 324 814 848;
  • 24) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 668 324 814 848 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 336 649 629 696;
  • 25) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 336 649 629 696 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 673 299 259 392;
  • 26) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 673 299 259 392 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 346 598 518 784;
  • 27) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 346 598 518 784 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 693 197 037 568;
  • 28) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 693 197 037 568 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 386 394 075 136;
  • 29) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 386 394 075 136 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 772 788 150 272;
  • 30) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 772 788 150 272 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 545 576 300 544;
  • 31) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 545 576 300 544 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 667 091 152 601 088;
  • 32) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 667 091 152 601 088 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 334 182 305 202 176;
  • 33) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 334 182 305 202 176 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 668 364 610 404 352;
  • 34) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 668 364 610 404 352 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 336 729 220 808 704;
  • 35) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 336 729 220 808 704 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 673 458 441 617 408;
  • 36) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 673 458 441 617 408 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 346 916 883 234 816;
  • 37) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 346 916 883 234 816 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 693 833 766 469 632;
  • 38) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 693 833 766 469 632 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 387 667 532 939 264;
  • 39) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 387 667 532 939 264 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 775 335 065 878 528;
  • 40) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 775 335 065 878 528 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 550 670 131 757 056;
  • 41) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 550 670 131 757 056 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 667 101 340 263 514 112;
  • 42) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 667 101 340 263 514 112 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 334 202 680 527 028 224;
  • 43) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 334 202 680 527 028 224 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 668 405 361 054 056 448;
  • 44) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 668 405 361 054 056 448 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 336 810 722 108 112 896;
  • 45) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 336 810 722 108 112 896 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 673 621 444 216 225 792;
  • 46) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 673 621 444 216 225 792 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 347 242 888 432 451 584;
  • 47) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 347 242 888 432 451 584 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 694 485 776 864 903 168;
  • 48) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 694 485 776 864 903 168 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 388 971 553 729 806 336;
  • 49) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 388 971 553 729 806 336 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 777 943 107 459 612 672;
  • 50) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 777 943 107 459 612 672 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 555 886 214 919 225 344;
  • 51) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 555 886 214 919 225 344 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 667 111 772 429 838 450 688;
  • 52) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 667 111 772 429 838 450 688 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 334 223 544 859 676 901 376;
  • 53) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 334 223 544 859 676 901 376 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 668 447 089 719 353 802 752;
  • 54) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 668 447 089 719 353 802 752 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 336 894 179 438 707 605 504;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 531(10) =

0.0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 01(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 531(10) =

0.0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 01(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 2 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 531(10) =

0.0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 01(2) =

0.0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 01(2) × 20 =

1.0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101(2) × 2-2


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -2

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-2 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-2 + 1 023)(10) =

1 021(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 021 ÷ 2 = 510 + 1;
  • 510 ÷ 2 = 255 + 0;
  • 255 ÷ 2 = 127 + 1;
  • 127 ÷ 2 = 63 + 1;
  • 63 ÷ 2 = 31 + 1;
  • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

1021(10) =

011 1111 1101(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 =

0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1111 1101

Mantissa (52 bits) =
0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101


Decimal number 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 531 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1111 1101 - 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100