0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 238 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 238(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 238(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 238.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 238 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 476;
  • 2) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 476 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 332 952;
  • 3) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 332 952 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 665 904;
  • 4) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 665 904 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 331 808;
  • 5) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 331 808 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 663 616;
  • 6) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 663 616 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 327 232;
  • 7) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 327 232 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 654 464;
  • 8) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 654 464 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 308 928;
  • 9) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 308 928 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 617 856;
  • 10) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 617 856 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 235 712;
  • 11) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 235 712 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 471 424;
  • 12) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 471 424 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 332 942 848;
  • 13) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 332 942 848 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 665 885 696;
  • 14) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 665 885 696 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 331 771 392;
  • 15) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 331 771 392 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 663 542 784;
  • 16) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 663 542 784 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 327 085 568;
  • 17) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 327 085 568 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 654 171 136;
  • 18) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 654 171 136 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 308 342 272;
  • 19) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 308 342 272 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 616 684 544;
  • 20) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 616 684 544 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 233 369 088;
  • 21) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 233 369 088 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 466 738 176;
  • 22) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 466 738 176 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 332 933 476 352;
  • 23) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 332 933 476 352 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 665 866 952 704;
  • 24) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 665 866 952 704 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 331 733 905 408;
  • 25) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 331 733 905 408 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 663 467 810 816;
  • 26) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 663 467 810 816 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 326 935 621 632;
  • 27) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 326 935 621 632 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 653 871 243 264;
  • 28) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 653 871 243 264 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 307 742 486 528;
  • 29) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 307 742 486 528 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 615 484 973 056;
  • 30) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 615 484 973 056 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 230 969 946 112;
  • 31) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 230 969 946 112 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 461 939 892 224;
  • 32) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 461 939 892 224 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 332 923 879 784 448;
  • 33) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 332 923 879 784 448 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 665 847 759 568 896;
  • 34) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 665 847 759 568 896 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 331 695 519 137 792;
  • 35) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 331 695 519 137 792 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 663 391 038 275 584;
  • 36) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 663 391 038 275 584 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 326 782 076 551 168;
  • 37) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 326 782 076 551 168 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 653 564 153 102 336;
  • 38) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 653 564 153 102 336 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 307 128 306 204 672;
  • 39) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 307 128 306 204 672 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 614 256 612 409 344;
  • 40) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 614 256 612 409 344 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 228 513 224 818 688;
  • 41) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 228 513 224 818 688 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 457 026 449 637 376;
  • 42) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 457 026 449 637 376 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 332 914 052 899 274 752;
  • 43) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 332 914 052 899 274 752 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 665 828 105 798 549 504;
  • 44) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 665 828 105 798 549 504 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 331 656 211 597 099 008;
  • 45) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 331 656 211 597 099 008 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 663 312 423 194 198 016;
  • 46) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 663 312 423 194 198 016 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 326 624 846 388 396 032;
  • 47) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 326 624 846 388 396 032 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 653 249 692 776 792 064;
  • 48) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 653 249 692 776 792 064 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 306 499 385 553 584 128;
  • 49) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 306 499 385 553 584 128 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 612 998 771 107 168 256;
  • 50) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 612 998 771 107 168 256 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 225 997 542 214 336 512;
  • 51) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 225 997 542 214 336 512 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 451 995 084 428 673 024;
  • 52) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 451 995 084 428 673 024 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 332 903 990 168 857 346 048;
  • 53) 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 332 903 990 168 857 346 048 × 2 = 0 + 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 665 807 980 337 714 692 096;
  • 54) 0.666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 666 665 807 980 337 714 692 096 × 2 = 1 + 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 331 615 960 675 429 384 192;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 238(10) =

0.0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 01(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 238(10) =

0.0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 01(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 2 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 238(10) =

0.0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 01(2) =

0.0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 01(2) × 20 =

1.0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101(2) × 2-2


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -2

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-2 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-2 + 1 023)(10) =

1 021(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 021 ÷ 2 = 510 + 1;
  • 510 ÷ 2 = 255 + 0;
  • 255 ÷ 2 = 127 + 1;
  • 127 ÷ 2 = 63 + 1;
  • 63 ÷ 2 = 31 + 1;
  • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

1021(10) =

011 1111 1101(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 =

0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1111 1101

Mantissa (52 bits) =
0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101


Decimal number 0.333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 238 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1111 1101 - 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100