0.029 999 999 999 999 998 889 776 975 374 843 459 576 368 331 909 155 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.029 999 999 999 999 998 889 776 975 374 843 459 576 368 331 909 155(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.029 999 999 999 999 998 889 776 975 374 843 459 576 368 331 909 155(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.029 999 999 999 999 998 889 776 975 374 843 459 576 368 331 909 155.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.029 999 999 999 999 998 889 776 975 374 843 459 576 368 331 909 155 × 2 = 0 + 0.059 999 999 999 999 997 779 553 950 749 686 919 152 736 663 818 31;
  • 2) 0.059 999 999 999 999 997 779 553 950 749 686 919 152 736 663 818 31 × 2 = 0 + 0.119 999 999 999 999 995 559 107 901 499 373 838 305 473 327 636 62;
  • 3) 0.119 999 999 999 999 995 559 107 901 499 373 838 305 473 327 636 62 × 2 = 0 + 0.239 999 999 999 999 991 118 215 802 998 747 676 610 946 655 273 24;
  • 4) 0.239 999 999 999 999 991 118 215 802 998 747 676 610 946 655 273 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.479 999 999 999 999 982 236 431 605 997 495 353 221 893 310 546 48;
  • 5) 0.479 999 999 999 999 982 236 431 605 997 495 353 221 893 310 546 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.959 999 999 999 999 964 472 863 211 994 990 706 443 786 621 092 96;
  • 6) 0.959 999 999 999 999 964 472 863 211 994 990 706 443 786 621 092 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.919 999 999 999 999 928 945 726 423 989 981 412 887 573 242 185 92;
  • 7) 0.919 999 999 999 999 928 945 726 423 989 981 412 887 573 242 185 92 × 2 = 1 + 0.839 999 999 999 999 857 891 452 847 979 962 825 775 146 484 371 84;
  • 8) 0.839 999 999 999 999 857 891 452 847 979 962 825 775 146 484 371 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.679 999 999 999 999 715 782 905 695 959 925 651 550 292 968 743 68;
  • 9) 0.679 999 999 999 999 715 782 905 695 959 925 651 550 292 968 743 68 × 2 = 1 + 0.359 999 999 999 999 431 565 811 391 919 851 303 100 585 937 487 36;
  • 10) 0.359 999 999 999 999 431 565 811 391 919 851 303 100 585 937 487 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.719 999 999 999 998 863 131 622 783 839 702 606 201 171 874 974 72;
  • 11) 0.719 999 999 999 998 863 131 622 783 839 702 606 201 171 874 974 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.439 999 999 999 997 726 263 245 567 679 405 212 402 343 749 949 44;
  • 12) 0.439 999 999 999 997 726 263 245 567 679 405 212 402 343 749 949 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.879 999 999 999 995 452 526 491 135 358 810 424 804 687 499 898 88;
  • 13) 0.879 999 999 999 995 452 526 491 135 358 810 424 804 687 499 898 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.759 999 999 999 990 905 052 982 270 717 620 849 609 374 999 797 76;
  • 14) 0.759 999 999 999 990 905 052 982 270 717 620 849 609 374 999 797 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.519 999 999 999 981 810 105 964 541 435 241 699 218 749 999 595 52;
  • 15) 0.519 999 999 999 981 810 105 964 541 435 241 699 218 749 999 595 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.039 999 999 999 963 620 211 929 082 870 483 398 437 499 999 191 04;
  • 16) 0.039 999 999 999 963 620 211 929 082 870 483 398 437 499 999 191 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.079 999 999 999 927 240 423 858 165 740 966 796 874 999 998 382 08;
  • 17) 0.079 999 999 999 927 240 423 858 165 740 966 796 874 999 998 382 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.159 999 999 999 854 480 847 716 331 481 933 593 749 999 996 764 16;
  • 18) 0.159 999 999 999 854 480 847 716 331 481 933 593 749 999 996 764 16 × 2 = 0 + 0.319 999 999 999 708 961 695 432 662 963 867 187 499 999 993 528 32;
  • 19) 0.319 999 999 999 708 961 695 432 662 963 867 187 499 999 993 528 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.639 999 999 999 417 923 390 865 325 927 734 374 999 999 987 056 64;
  • 20) 0.639 999 999 999 417 923 390 865 325 927 734 374 999 999 987 056 64 × 2 = 1 + 0.279 999 999 998 835 846 781 730 651 855 468 749 999 999 974 113 28;
  • 21) 0.279 999 999 998 835 846 781 730 651 855 468 749 999 999 974 113 28 × 2 = 0 + 0.559 999 999 997 671 693 563 461 303 710 937 499 999 999 948 226 56;
  • 22) 0.559 999 999 997 671 693 563 461 303 710 937 499 999 999 948 226 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.119 999 999 995 343 387 126 922 607 421 874 999 999 999 896 453 12;
  • 23) 0.119 999 999 995 343 387 126 922 607 421 874 999 999 999 896 453 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.239 999 999 990 686 774 253 845 214 843 749 999 999 999 792 906 24;
  • 24) 0.239 999 999 990 686 774 253 845 214 843 749 999 999 999 792 906 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.479 999 999 981 373 548 507 690 429 687 499 999 999 999 585 812 48;
  • 25) 0.479 999 999 981 373 548 507 690 429 687 499 999 999 999 585 812 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.959 999 999 962 747 097 015 380 859 374 999 999 999 999 171 624 96;
  • 26) 0.959 999 999 962 747 097 015 380 859 374 999 999 999 999 171 624 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.919 999 999 925 494 194 030 761 718 749 999 999 999 998 343 249 92;
  • 27) 0.919 999 999 925 494 194 030 761 718 749 999 999 999 998 343 249 92 × 2 = 1 + 0.839 999 999 850 988 388 061 523 437 499 999 999 999 996 686 499 84;
  • 28) 0.839 999 999 850 988 388 061 523 437 499 999 999 999 996 686 499 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.679 999 999 701 976 776 123 046 874 999 999 999 999 993 372 999 68;
  • 29) 0.679 999 999 701 976 776 123 046 874 999 999 999 999 993 372 999 68 × 2 = 1 + 0.359 999 999 403 953 552 246 093 749 999 999 999 999 986 745 999 36;
  • 30) 0.359 999 999 403 953 552 246 093 749 999 999 999 999 986 745 999 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.719 999 998 807 907 104 492 187 499 999 999 999 999 973 491 998 72;
  • 31) 0.719 999 998 807 907 104 492 187 499 999 999 999 999 973 491 998 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.439 999 997 615 814 208 984 374 999 999 999 999 999 946 983 997 44;
  • 32) 0.439 999 997 615 814 208 984 374 999 999 999 999 999 946 983 997 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.879 999 995 231 628 417 968 749 999 999 999 999 999 893 967 994 88;
  • 33) 0.879 999 995 231 628 417 968 749 999 999 999 999 999 893 967 994 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.759 999 990 463 256 835 937 499 999 999 999 999 999 787 935 989 76;
  • 34) 0.759 999 990 463 256 835 937 499 999 999 999 999 999 787 935 989 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.519 999 980 926 513 671 874 999 999 999 999 999 999 575 871 979 52;
  • 35) 0.519 999 980 926 513 671 874 999 999 999 999 999 999 575 871 979 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.039 999 961 853 027 343 749 999 999 999 999 999 999 151 743 959 04;
  • 36) 0.039 999 961 853 027 343 749 999 999 999 999 999 999 151 743 959 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.079 999 923 706 054 687 499 999 999 999 999 999 998 303 487 918 08;
  • 37) 0.079 999 923 706 054 687 499 999 999 999 999 999 998 303 487 918 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.159 999 847 412 109 374 999 999 999 999 999 999 996 606 975 836 16;
  • 38) 0.159 999 847 412 109 374 999 999 999 999 999 999 996 606 975 836 16 × 2 = 0 + 0.319 999 694 824 218 749 999 999 999 999 999 999 993 213 951 672 32;
  • 39) 0.319 999 694 824 218 749 999 999 999 999 999 999 993 213 951 672 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.639 999 389 648 437 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 986 427 903 344 64;
  • 40) 0.639 999 389 648 437 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 986 427 903 344 64 × 2 = 1 + 0.279 998 779 296 874 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 972 855 806 689 28;
  • 41) 0.279 998 779 296 874 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 972 855 806 689 28 × 2 = 0 + 0.559 997 558 593 749 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 945 711 613 378 56;
  • 42) 0.559 997 558 593 749 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 945 711 613 378 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.119 995 117 187 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 891 423 226 757 12;
  • 43) 0.119 995 117 187 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 891 423 226 757 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.239 990 234 374 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 782 846 453 514 24;
  • 44) 0.239 990 234 374 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 782 846 453 514 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.479 980 468 749 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 565 692 907 028 48;
  • 45) 0.479 980 468 749 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 565 692 907 028 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.959 960 937 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 131 385 814 056 96;
  • 46) 0.959 960 937 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 131 385 814 056 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.919 921 874 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 262 771 628 113 92;
  • 47) 0.919 921 874 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 262 771 628 113 92 × 2 = 1 + 0.839 843 749 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 996 525 543 256 227 84;
  • 48) 0.839 843 749 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 996 525 543 256 227 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.679 687 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 993 051 086 512 455 68;
  • 49) 0.679 687 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 993 051 086 512 455 68 × 2 = 1 + 0.359 374 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 986 102 173 024 911 36;
  • 50) 0.359 374 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 986 102 173 024 911 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.718 749 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 972 204 346 049 822 72;
  • 51) 0.718 749 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 972 204 346 049 822 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.437 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 944 408 692 099 645 44;
  • 52) 0.437 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 944 408 692 099 645 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.874 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 888 817 384 199 290 88;
  • 53) 0.874 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 888 817 384 199 290 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.749 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 777 634 768 398 581 76;
  • 54) 0.749 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 777 634 768 398 581 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 555 269 536 797 163 52;
  • 55) 0.499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 555 269 536 797 163 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 110 539 073 594 327 04;
  • 56) 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 110 539 073 594 327 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 221 078 147 188 654 08;
  • 57) 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 221 078 147 188 654 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 996 442 156 294 377 308 16;
  • 58) 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 996 442 156 294 377 308 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 992 884 312 588 754 616 32;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.029 999 999 999 999 998 889 776 975 374 843 459 576 368 331 909 155(10) =

0.0000 0111 1010 1110 0001 0100 0111 1010 1110 0001 0100 0111 1010 1101 11(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.029 999 999 999 999 998 889 776 975 374 843 459 576 368 331 909 155(10) =

0.0000 0111 1010 1110 0001 0100 0111 1010 1110 0001 0100 0111 1010 1101 11(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 6 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.029 999 999 999 999 998 889 776 975 374 843 459 576 368 331 909 155(10) =

0.0000 0111 1010 1110 0001 0100 0111 1010 1110 0001 0100 0111 1010 1101 11(2) =

0.0000 0111 1010 1110 0001 0100 0111 1010 1110 0001 0100 0111 1010 1101 11(2) × 20 =

1.1110 1011 1000 0101 0001 1110 1011 1000 0101 0001 1110 1011 0111(2) × 2-6


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -6

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.1110 1011 1000 0101 0001 1110 1011 1000 0101 0001 1110 1011 0111


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-6 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-6 + 1 023)(10) =

1 017(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 017 ÷ 2 = 508 + 1;
  • 508 ÷ 2 = 254 + 0;
  • 254 ÷ 2 = 127 + 0;
  • 127 ÷ 2 = 63 + 1;
  • 63 ÷ 2 = 31 + 1;
  • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

1017(10) =

011 1111 1001(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 1110 1011 1000 0101 0001 1110 1011 1000 0101 0001 1110 1011 0111 =

1110 1011 1000 0101 0001 1110 1011 1000 0101 0001 1110 1011 0111


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1111 1001

Mantissa (52 bits) =
1110 1011 1000 0101 0001 1110 1011 1000 0101 0001 1110 1011 0111


Decimal number 0.029 999 999 999 999 998 889 776 975 374 843 459 576 368 331 909 155 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1111 1001 - 1110 1011 1000 0101 0001 1110 1011 1000 0101 0001 1110 1011 0111

» Convert decimal 0.029 999 999 999 999 998 889 776 975 374 843 459 576 368 331 909 12 to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100