0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 209 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 209(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 209(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =


0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 209.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.


Keep track of each integer part of the results.


Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 209 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 418;
  • 2) 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 418 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 836;
  • 3) 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 836 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 672;
  • 4) 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 672 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 987 344;
  • 5) 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 987 344 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 974 688;
  • 6) 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 974 688 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 949 376;
  • 7) 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 949 376 × 2 = 0 + 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 898 752;
  • 8) 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 898 752 × 2 = 0 + 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 797 504;
  • 9) 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 797 504 × 2 = 0 + 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 595 008;
  • 10) 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 595 008 × 2 = 0 + 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 190 016;
  • 11) 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 190 016 × 2 = 0 + 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 380 032;
  • 12) 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 380 032 × 2 = 0 + 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 760 064;
  • 13) 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 760 064 × 2 = 0 + 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 520 128;
  • 14) 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 520 128 × 2 = 0 + 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 827 040 256;
  • 15) 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 827 040 256 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 654 080 512;
  • 16) 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 654 080 512 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 308 161 024;
  • 17) 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 308 161 024 × 2 = 0 + 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 616 322 048;
  • 18) 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 616 322 048 × 2 = 1 + 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 232 644 096;
  • 19) 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 232 644 096 × 2 = 0 + 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 465 288 192;
  • 20) 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 465 288 192 × 2 = 1 + 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 930 576 384;
  • 21) 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 930 576 384 × 2 = 1 + 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 861 152 768;
  • 22) 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 861 152 768 × 2 = 1 + 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 722 305 536;
  • 23) 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 722 305 536 × 2 = 0 + 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 095 444 611 072;
  • 24) 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 095 444 611 072 × 2 = 1 + 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 190 889 222 144;
  • 25) 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 190 889 222 144 × 2 = 0 + 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 381 778 444 288;
  • 26) 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 381 778 444 288 × 2 = 1 + 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 763 556 888 576;
  • 27) 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 763 556 888 576 × 2 = 1 + 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 527 113 777 152;
  • 28) 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 527 113 777 152 × 2 = 1 + 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 054 227 554 304;
  • 29) 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 054 227 554 304 × 2 = 1 + 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 108 455 108 608;
  • 30) 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 108 455 108 608 × 2 = 0 + 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 216 910 217 216;
  • 31) 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 216 910 217 216 × 2 = 1 + 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 433 820 434 432;
  • 32) 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 433 820 434 432 × 2 = 1 + 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 867 640 868 864;
  • 33) 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 867 640 868 864 × 2 = 0 + 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 735 281 737 728;
  • 34) 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 735 281 737 728 × 2 = 1 + 0.204 753 624 360 478 915 470 563 475 456;
  • 35) 0.204 753 624 360 478 915 470 563 475 456 × 2 = 0 + 0.409 507 248 720 957 830 941 126 950 912;
  • 36) 0.409 507 248 720 957 830 941 126 950 912 × 2 = 0 + 0.819 014 497 441 915 661 882 253 901 824;
  • 37) 0.819 014 497 441 915 661 882 253 901 824 × 2 = 1 + 0.638 028 994 883 831 323 764 507 803 648;
  • 38) 0.638 028 994 883 831 323 764 507 803 648 × 2 = 1 + 0.276 057 989 767 662 647 529 015 607 296;
  • 39) 0.276 057 989 767 662 647 529 015 607 296 × 2 = 0 + 0.552 115 979 535 325 295 058 031 214 592;
  • 40) 0.552 115 979 535 325 295 058 031 214 592 × 2 = 1 + 0.104 231 959 070 650 590 116 062 429 184;
  • 41) 0.104 231 959 070 650 590 116 062 429 184 × 2 = 0 + 0.208 463 918 141 301 180 232 124 858 368;
  • 42) 0.208 463 918 141 301 180 232 124 858 368 × 2 = 0 + 0.416 927 836 282 602 360 464 249 716 736;
  • 43) 0.416 927 836 282 602 360 464 249 716 736 × 2 = 0 + 0.833 855 672 565 204 720 928 499 433 472;
  • 44) 0.833 855 672 565 204 720 928 499 433 472 × 2 = 1 + 0.667 711 345 130 409 441 856 998 866 944;
  • 45) 0.667 711 345 130 409 441 856 998 866 944 × 2 = 1 + 0.335 422 690 260 818 883 713 997 733 888;
  • 46) 0.335 422 690 260 818 883 713 997 733 888 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 845 380 521 637 767 427 995 467 776;
  • 47) 0.670 845 380 521 637 767 427 995 467 776 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 690 761 043 275 534 855 990 935 552;
  • 48) 0.341 690 761 043 275 534 855 990 935 552 × 2 = 0 + 0.683 381 522 086 551 069 711 981 871 104;
  • 49) 0.683 381 522 086 551 069 711 981 871 104 × 2 = 1 + 0.366 763 044 173 102 139 423 963 742 208;
  • 50) 0.366 763 044 173 102 139 423 963 742 208 × 2 = 0 + 0.733 526 088 346 204 278 847 927 484 416;
  • 51) 0.733 526 088 346 204 278 847 927 484 416 × 2 = 1 + 0.467 052 176 692 408 557 695 854 968 832;
  • 52) 0.467 052 176 692 408 557 695 854 968 832 × 2 = 0 + 0.934 104 353 384 817 115 391 709 937 664;
  • 53) 0.934 104 353 384 817 115 391 709 937 664 × 2 = 1 + 0.868 208 706 769 634 230 783 419 875 328;
  • 54) 0.868 208 706 769 634 230 783 419 875 328 × 2 = 1 + 0.736 417 413 539 268 461 566 839 750 656;
  • 55) 0.736 417 413 539 268 461 566 839 750 656 × 2 = 1 + 0.472 834 827 078 536 923 133 679 501 312;
  • 56) 0.472 834 827 078 536 923 133 679 501 312 × 2 = 0 + 0.945 669 654 157 073 846 267 359 002 624;
  • 57) 0.945 669 654 157 073 846 267 359 002 624 × 2 = 1 + 0.891 339 308 314 147 692 534 718 005 248;
  • 58) 0.891 339 308 314 147 692 534 718 005 248 × 2 = 1 + 0.782 678 616 628 295 385 069 436 010 496;
  • 59) 0.782 678 616 628 295 385 069 436 010 496 × 2 = 1 + 0.565 357 233 256 590 770 138 872 020 992;
  • 60) 0.565 357 233 256 590 770 138 872 020 992 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 714 466 513 181 540 277 744 041 984;
  • 61) 0.130 714 466 513 181 540 277 744 041 984 × 2 = 0 + 0.261 428 933 026 363 080 555 488 083 968;
  • 62) 0.261 428 933 026 363 080 555 488 083 968 × 2 = 0 + 0.522 857 866 052 726 161 110 976 167 936;
  • 63) 0.522 857 866 052 726 161 110 976 167 936 × 2 = 1 + 0.045 715 732 105 452 322 221 952 335 872;
  • 64) 0.045 715 732 105 452 322 221 952 335 872 × 2 = 0 + 0.091 431 464 210 904 644 443 904 671 744;
  • 65) 0.091 431 464 210 904 644 443 904 671 744 × 2 = 0 + 0.182 862 928 421 809 288 887 809 343 488;
  • 66) 0.182 862 928 421 809 288 887 809 343 488 × 2 = 0 + 0.365 725 856 843 618 577 775 618 686 976;
  • 67) 0.365 725 856 843 618 577 775 618 686 976 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 451 713 687 237 155 551 237 373 952;
  • 68) 0.731 451 713 687 237 155 551 237 373 952 × 2 = 1 + 0.462 903 427 374 474 311 102 474 747 904;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 209(10) =


0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 209(10) =


0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 16 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 209(10) =


0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) =


0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 20 =


1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 2-16


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)


Exponent (unadjusted): -16


Mantissa (not normalized):
1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =


Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =


-16 + 2(11-1) - 1 =


(-16 + 1 023)(10) =


1 007(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 007 ÷ 2 = 503 + 1;
  • 503 ÷ 2 = 251 + 1;
  • 251 ÷ 2 = 125 + 1;
  • 125 ÷ 2 = 62 + 1;
  • 62 ÷ 2 = 31 + 0;
  • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =


1007(10) =


011 1110 1111(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.


b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =


1. 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001 =


0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)


Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1110 1111


Mantissa (52 bits) =
0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


Decimal number 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 209 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1110 1111 - 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100