0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 511 46 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 511 46(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 511 46(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 511 46.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 511 46 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 309 022 92;
  • 2) 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 309 022 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 618 045 84;
  • 3) 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 618 045 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 236 091 68;
  • 4) 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 236 091 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 986 472 183 36;
  • 5) 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 986 472 183 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 972 944 366 72;
  • 6) 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 972 944 366 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 945 888 733 44;
  • 7) 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 945 888 733 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 891 777 466 88;
  • 8) 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 891 777 466 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 783 554 933 76;
  • 9) 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 783 554 933 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 567 109 867 52;
  • 10) 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 567 109 867 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 134 219 735 04;
  • 11) 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 134 219 735 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 268 439 470 08;
  • 12) 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 268 439 470 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 536 878 940 16;
  • 13) 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 536 878 940 16 × 2 = 0 + 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 073 757 880 32;
  • 14) 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 073 757 880 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 826 147 515 760 64;
  • 15) 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 826 147 515 760 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 652 295 031 521 28;
  • 16) 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 652 295 031 521 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 304 590 063 042 56;
  • 17) 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 304 590 063 042 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 609 180 126 085 12;
  • 18) 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 609 180 126 085 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 218 360 252 170 24;
  • 19) 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 218 360 252 170 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 436 720 504 340 48;
  • 20) 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 436 720 504 340 48 × 2 = 1 + 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 873 441 008 680 96;
  • 21) 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 873 441 008 680 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 746 882 017 361 92;
  • 22) 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 746 882 017 361 92 × 2 = 1 + 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 493 764 034 723 84;
  • 23) 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 493 764 034 723 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 094 987 528 069 447 68;
  • 24) 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 094 987 528 069 447 68 × 2 = 1 + 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 189 975 056 138 895 36;
  • 25) 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 189 975 056 138 895 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 379 950 112 277 790 72;
  • 26) 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 379 950 112 277 790 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 759 900 224 555 581 44;
  • 27) 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 759 900 224 555 581 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 519 800 449 111 162 88;
  • 28) 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 519 800 449 111 162 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 039 600 898 222 325 76;
  • 29) 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 039 600 898 222 325 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 079 201 796 444 651 52;
  • 30) 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 079 201 796 444 651 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 158 403 592 889 303 04;
  • 31) 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 158 403 592 889 303 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 316 807 185 778 606 08;
  • 32) 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 316 807 185 778 606 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 633 614 371 557 212 16;
  • 33) 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 633 614 371 557 212 16 × 2 = 0 + 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 267 228 743 114 424 32;
  • 34) 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 267 228 743 114 424 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.204 753 624 360 478 914 534 457 486 228 848 64;
  • 35) 0.204 753 624 360 478 914 534 457 486 228 848 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.409 507 248 720 957 829 068 914 972 457 697 28;
  • 36) 0.409 507 248 720 957 829 068 914 972 457 697 28 × 2 = 0 + 0.819 014 497 441 915 658 137 829 944 915 394 56;
  • 37) 0.819 014 497 441 915 658 137 829 944 915 394 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.638 028 994 883 831 316 275 659 889 830 789 12;
  • 38) 0.638 028 994 883 831 316 275 659 889 830 789 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.276 057 989 767 662 632 551 319 779 661 578 24;
  • 39) 0.276 057 989 767 662 632 551 319 779 661 578 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.552 115 979 535 325 265 102 639 559 323 156 48;
  • 40) 0.552 115 979 535 325 265 102 639 559 323 156 48 × 2 = 1 + 0.104 231 959 070 650 530 205 279 118 646 312 96;
  • 41) 0.104 231 959 070 650 530 205 279 118 646 312 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.208 463 918 141 301 060 410 558 237 292 625 92;
  • 42) 0.208 463 918 141 301 060 410 558 237 292 625 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.416 927 836 282 602 120 821 116 474 585 251 84;
  • 43) 0.416 927 836 282 602 120 821 116 474 585 251 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.833 855 672 565 204 241 642 232 949 170 503 68;
  • 44) 0.833 855 672 565 204 241 642 232 949 170 503 68 × 2 = 1 + 0.667 711 345 130 408 483 284 465 898 341 007 36;
  • 45) 0.667 711 345 130 408 483 284 465 898 341 007 36 × 2 = 1 + 0.335 422 690 260 816 966 568 931 796 682 014 72;
  • 46) 0.335 422 690 260 816 966 568 931 796 682 014 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 845 380 521 633 933 137 863 593 364 029 44;
  • 47) 0.670 845 380 521 633 933 137 863 593 364 029 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 690 761 043 267 866 275 727 186 728 058 88;
  • 48) 0.341 690 761 043 267 866 275 727 186 728 058 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.683 381 522 086 535 732 551 454 373 456 117 76;
  • 49) 0.683 381 522 086 535 732 551 454 373 456 117 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.366 763 044 173 071 465 102 908 746 912 235 52;
  • 50) 0.366 763 044 173 071 465 102 908 746 912 235 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.733 526 088 346 142 930 205 817 493 824 471 04;
  • 51) 0.733 526 088 346 142 930 205 817 493 824 471 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.467 052 176 692 285 860 411 634 987 648 942 08;
  • 52) 0.467 052 176 692 285 860 411 634 987 648 942 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.934 104 353 384 571 720 823 269 975 297 884 16;
  • 53) 0.934 104 353 384 571 720 823 269 975 297 884 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.868 208 706 769 143 441 646 539 950 595 768 32;
  • 54) 0.868 208 706 769 143 441 646 539 950 595 768 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.736 417 413 538 286 883 293 079 901 191 536 64;
  • 55) 0.736 417 413 538 286 883 293 079 901 191 536 64 × 2 = 1 + 0.472 834 827 076 573 766 586 159 802 383 073 28;
  • 56) 0.472 834 827 076 573 766 586 159 802 383 073 28 × 2 = 0 + 0.945 669 654 153 147 533 172 319 604 766 146 56;
  • 57) 0.945 669 654 153 147 533 172 319 604 766 146 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.891 339 308 306 295 066 344 639 209 532 293 12;
  • 58) 0.891 339 308 306 295 066 344 639 209 532 293 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.782 678 616 612 590 132 689 278 419 064 586 24;
  • 59) 0.782 678 616 612 590 132 689 278 419 064 586 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.565 357 233 225 180 265 378 556 838 129 172 48;
  • 60) 0.565 357 233 225 180 265 378 556 838 129 172 48 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 714 466 450 360 530 757 113 676 258 344 96;
  • 61) 0.130 714 466 450 360 530 757 113 676 258 344 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.261 428 932 900 721 061 514 227 352 516 689 92;
  • 62) 0.261 428 932 900 721 061 514 227 352 516 689 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.522 857 865 801 442 123 028 454 705 033 379 84;
  • 63) 0.522 857 865 801 442 123 028 454 705 033 379 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.045 715 731 602 884 246 056 909 410 066 759 68;
  • 64) 0.045 715 731 602 884 246 056 909 410 066 759 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.091 431 463 205 768 492 113 818 820 133 519 36;
  • 65) 0.091 431 463 205 768 492 113 818 820 133 519 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.182 862 926 411 536 984 227 637 640 267 038 72;
  • 66) 0.182 862 926 411 536 984 227 637 640 267 038 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.365 725 852 823 073 968 455 275 280 534 077 44;
  • 67) 0.365 725 852 823 073 968 455 275 280 534 077 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 451 705 646 147 936 910 550 561 068 154 88;
  • 68) 0.731 451 705 646 147 936 910 550 561 068 154 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.462 903 411 292 295 873 821 101 122 136 309 76;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 511 46(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 511 46(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 16 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 511 46(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 20 =

1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 2-16


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -16

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-16 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-16 + 1 023)(10) =

1 007(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 007 ÷ 2 = 503 + 1;
  • 503 ÷ 2 = 251 + 1;
  • 251 ÷ 2 = 125 + 1;
  • 125 ÷ 2 = 62 + 1;
  • 62 ÷ 2 = 31 + 0;
  • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

1007(10) =

011 1110 1111(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001 =

0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1110 1111

Mantissa (52 bits) =
0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


Decimal number 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 511 46 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1110 1111 - 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100