0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 661 52 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 661 52(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 661 52(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 661 52.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 661 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 309 019 323 04;
  • 2) 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 309 019 323 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 618 038 646 08;
  • 3) 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 618 038 646 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 236 077 292 16;
  • 4) 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 236 077 292 16 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 986 472 154 584 32;
  • 5) 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 986 472 154 584 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 972 944 309 168 64;
  • 6) 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 972 944 309 168 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 945 888 618 337 28;
  • 7) 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 945 888 618 337 28 × 2 = 0 + 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 891 777 236 674 56;
  • 8) 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 891 777 236 674 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 783 554 473 349 12;
  • 9) 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 783 554 473 349 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 567 108 946 698 24;
  • 10) 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 567 108 946 698 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 134 217 893 396 48;
  • 11) 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 134 217 893 396 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 268 435 786 792 96;
  • 12) 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 268 435 786 792 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 536 871 573 585 92;
  • 13) 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 536 871 573 585 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 073 743 147 171 84;
  • 14) 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 073 743 147 171 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 826 147 486 294 343 68;
  • 15) 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 826 147 486 294 343 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 652 294 972 588 687 36;
  • 16) 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 652 294 972 588 687 36 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 304 589 945 177 374 72;
  • 17) 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 304 589 945 177 374 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 609 179 890 354 749 44;
  • 18) 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 609 179 890 354 749 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 218 359 780 709 498 88;
  • 19) 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 218 359 780 709 498 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 436 719 561 418 997 76;
  • 20) 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 436 719 561 418 997 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 873 439 122 837 995 52;
  • 21) 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 873 439 122 837 995 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 746 878 245 675 991 04;
  • 22) 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 746 878 245 675 991 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 493 756 491 351 982 08;
  • 23) 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 493 756 491 351 982 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 094 987 512 982 703 964 16;
  • 24) 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 094 987 512 982 703 964 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 189 975 025 965 407 928 32;
  • 25) 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 189 975 025 965 407 928 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 379 950 051 930 815 856 64;
  • 26) 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 379 950 051 930 815 856 64 × 2 = 1 + 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 759 900 103 861 631 713 28;
  • 27) 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 759 900 103 861 631 713 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 519 800 207 723 263 426 56;
  • 28) 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 519 800 207 723 263 426 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 039 600 415 446 526 853 12;
  • 29) 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 039 600 415 446 526 853 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 079 200 830 893 053 706 24;
  • 30) 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 079 200 830 893 053 706 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 158 401 661 786 107 412 48;
  • 31) 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 158 401 661 786 107 412 48 × 2 = 1 + 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 316 803 323 572 214 824 96;
  • 32) 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 316 803 323 572 214 824 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 633 606 647 144 429 649 92;
  • 33) 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 633 606 647 144 429 649 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 267 213 294 288 859 299 84;
  • 34) 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 267 213 294 288 859 299 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.204 753 624 360 478 914 534 426 588 577 718 599 68;
  • 35) 0.204 753 624 360 478 914 534 426 588 577 718 599 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.409 507 248 720 957 829 068 853 177 155 437 199 36;
  • 36) 0.409 507 248 720 957 829 068 853 177 155 437 199 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.819 014 497 441 915 658 137 706 354 310 874 398 72;
  • 37) 0.819 014 497 441 915 658 137 706 354 310 874 398 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.638 028 994 883 831 316 275 412 708 621 748 797 44;
  • 38) 0.638 028 994 883 831 316 275 412 708 621 748 797 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.276 057 989 767 662 632 550 825 417 243 497 594 88;
  • 39) 0.276 057 989 767 662 632 550 825 417 243 497 594 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.552 115 979 535 325 265 101 650 834 486 995 189 76;
  • 40) 0.552 115 979 535 325 265 101 650 834 486 995 189 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.104 231 959 070 650 530 203 301 668 973 990 379 52;
  • 41) 0.104 231 959 070 650 530 203 301 668 973 990 379 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.208 463 918 141 301 060 406 603 337 947 980 759 04;
  • 42) 0.208 463 918 141 301 060 406 603 337 947 980 759 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.416 927 836 282 602 120 813 206 675 895 961 518 08;
  • 43) 0.416 927 836 282 602 120 813 206 675 895 961 518 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.833 855 672 565 204 241 626 413 351 791 923 036 16;
  • 44) 0.833 855 672 565 204 241 626 413 351 791 923 036 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.667 711 345 130 408 483 252 826 703 583 846 072 32;
  • 45) 0.667 711 345 130 408 483 252 826 703 583 846 072 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.335 422 690 260 816 966 505 653 407 167 692 144 64;
  • 46) 0.335 422 690 260 816 966 505 653 407 167 692 144 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 845 380 521 633 933 011 306 814 335 384 289 28;
  • 47) 0.670 845 380 521 633 933 011 306 814 335 384 289 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 690 761 043 267 866 022 613 628 670 768 578 56;
  • 48) 0.341 690 761 043 267 866 022 613 628 670 768 578 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.683 381 522 086 535 732 045 227 257 341 537 157 12;
  • 49) 0.683 381 522 086 535 732 045 227 257 341 537 157 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.366 763 044 173 071 464 090 454 514 683 074 314 24;
  • 50) 0.366 763 044 173 071 464 090 454 514 683 074 314 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.733 526 088 346 142 928 180 909 029 366 148 628 48;
  • 51) 0.733 526 088 346 142 928 180 909 029 366 148 628 48 × 2 = 1 + 0.467 052 176 692 285 856 361 818 058 732 297 256 96;
  • 52) 0.467 052 176 692 285 856 361 818 058 732 297 256 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.934 104 353 384 571 712 723 636 117 464 594 513 92;
  • 53) 0.934 104 353 384 571 712 723 636 117 464 594 513 92 × 2 = 1 + 0.868 208 706 769 143 425 447 272 234 929 189 027 84;
  • 54) 0.868 208 706 769 143 425 447 272 234 929 189 027 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.736 417 413 538 286 850 894 544 469 858 378 055 68;
  • 55) 0.736 417 413 538 286 850 894 544 469 858 378 055 68 × 2 = 1 + 0.472 834 827 076 573 701 789 088 939 716 756 111 36;
  • 56) 0.472 834 827 076 573 701 789 088 939 716 756 111 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.945 669 654 153 147 403 578 177 879 433 512 222 72;
  • 57) 0.945 669 654 153 147 403 578 177 879 433 512 222 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.891 339 308 306 294 807 156 355 758 867 024 445 44;
  • 58) 0.891 339 308 306 294 807 156 355 758 867 024 445 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.782 678 616 612 589 614 312 711 517 734 048 890 88;
  • 59) 0.782 678 616 612 589 614 312 711 517 734 048 890 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.565 357 233 225 179 228 625 423 035 468 097 781 76;
  • 60) 0.565 357 233 225 179 228 625 423 035 468 097 781 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 714 466 450 358 457 250 846 070 936 195 563 52;
  • 61) 0.130 714 466 450 358 457 250 846 070 936 195 563 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.261 428 932 900 716 914 501 692 141 872 391 127 04;
  • 62) 0.261 428 932 900 716 914 501 692 141 872 391 127 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.522 857 865 801 433 829 003 384 283 744 782 254 08;
  • 63) 0.522 857 865 801 433 829 003 384 283 744 782 254 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.045 715 731 602 867 658 006 768 567 489 564 508 16;
  • 64) 0.045 715 731 602 867 658 006 768 567 489 564 508 16 × 2 = 0 + 0.091 431 463 205 735 316 013 537 134 979 129 016 32;
  • 65) 0.091 431 463 205 735 316 013 537 134 979 129 016 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.182 862 926 411 470 632 027 074 269 958 258 032 64;
  • 66) 0.182 862 926 411 470 632 027 074 269 958 258 032 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.365 725 852 822 941 264 054 148 539 916 516 065 28;
  • 67) 0.365 725 852 822 941 264 054 148 539 916 516 065 28 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 451 705 645 882 528 108 297 079 833 032 130 56;
  • 68) 0.731 451 705 645 882 528 108 297 079 833 032 130 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.462 903 411 291 765 056 216 594 159 666 064 261 12;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 661 52(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 661 52(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 16 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 661 52(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 20 =

1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 2-16


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -16

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-16 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-16 + 1 023)(10) =

1 007(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 007 ÷ 2 = 503 + 1;
  • 503 ÷ 2 = 251 + 1;
  • 251 ÷ 2 = 125 + 1;
  • 125 ÷ 2 = 62 + 1;
  • 62 ÷ 2 = 31 + 0;
  • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

1007(10) =

011 1110 1111(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001 =

0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1110 1111

Mantissa (52 bits) =
0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


Decimal number 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 661 52 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1110 1111 - 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100