0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 661 48 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 661 48(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 661 48(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 661 48.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 661 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 309 019 322 96;
  • 2) 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 309 019 322 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 618 038 645 92;
  • 3) 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 618 038 645 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 236 077 291 84;
  • 4) 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 236 077 291 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 986 472 154 583 68;
  • 5) 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 986 472 154 583 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 972 944 309 167 36;
  • 6) 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 972 944 309 167 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 945 888 618 334 72;
  • 7) 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 945 888 618 334 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 891 777 236 669 44;
  • 8) 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 891 777 236 669 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 783 554 473 338 88;
  • 9) 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 783 554 473 338 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 567 108 946 677 76;
  • 10) 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 567 108 946 677 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 134 217 893 355 52;
  • 11) 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 134 217 893 355 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 268 435 786 711 04;
  • 12) 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 268 435 786 711 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 536 871 573 422 08;
  • 13) 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 536 871 573 422 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 073 743 146 844 16;
  • 14) 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 073 743 146 844 16 × 2 = 0 + 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 826 147 486 293 688 32;
  • 15) 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 826 147 486 293 688 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 652 294 972 587 376 64;
  • 16) 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 652 294 972 587 376 64 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 304 589 945 174 753 28;
  • 17) 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 304 589 945 174 753 28 × 2 = 0 + 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 609 179 890 349 506 56;
  • 18) 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 609 179 890 349 506 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 218 359 780 699 013 12;
  • 19) 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 218 359 780 699 013 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 436 719 561 398 026 24;
  • 20) 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 436 719 561 398 026 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 873 439 122 796 052 48;
  • 21) 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 873 439 122 796 052 48 × 2 = 1 + 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 746 878 245 592 104 96;
  • 22) 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 746 878 245 592 104 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 493 756 491 184 209 92;
  • 23) 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 493 756 491 184 209 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 094 987 512 982 368 419 84;
  • 24) 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 094 987 512 982 368 419 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 189 975 025 964 736 839 68;
  • 25) 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 189 975 025 964 736 839 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 379 950 051 929 473 679 36;
  • 26) 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 379 950 051 929 473 679 36 × 2 = 1 + 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 759 900 103 858 947 358 72;
  • 27) 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 759 900 103 858 947 358 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 519 800 207 717 894 717 44;
  • 28) 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 519 800 207 717 894 717 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 039 600 415 435 789 434 88;
  • 29) 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 039 600 415 435 789 434 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 079 200 830 871 578 869 76;
  • 30) 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 079 200 830 871 578 869 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 158 401 661 743 157 739 52;
  • 31) 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 158 401 661 743 157 739 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 316 803 323 486 315 479 04;
  • 32) 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 316 803 323 486 315 479 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 633 606 646 972 630 958 08;
  • 33) 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 633 606 646 972 630 958 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 267 213 293 945 261 916 16;
  • 34) 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 267 213 293 945 261 916 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.204 753 624 360 478 914 534 426 587 890 523 832 32;
  • 35) 0.204 753 624 360 478 914 534 426 587 890 523 832 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.409 507 248 720 957 829 068 853 175 781 047 664 64;
  • 36) 0.409 507 248 720 957 829 068 853 175 781 047 664 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.819 014 497 441 915 658 137 706 351 562 095 329 28;
  • 37) 0.819 014 497 441 915 658 137 706 351 562 095 329 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.638 028 994 883 831 316 275 412 703 124 190 658 56;
  • 38) 0.638 028 994 883 831 316 275 412 703 124 190 658 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.276 057 989 767 662 632 550 825 406 248 381 317 12;
  • 39) 0.276 057 989 767 662 632 550 825 406 248 381 317 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.552 115 979 535 325 265 101 650 812 496 762 634 24;
  • 40) 0.552 115 979 535 325 265 101 650 812 496 762 634 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.104 231 959 070 650 530 203 301 624 993 525 268 48;
  • 41) 0.104 231 959 070 650 530 203 301 624 993 525 268 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.208 463 918 141 301 060 406 603 249 987 050 536 96;
  • 42) 0.208 463 918 141 301 060 406 603 249 987 050 536 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.416 927 836 282 602 120 813 206 499 974 101 073 92;
  • 43) 0.416 927 836 282 602 120 813 206 499 974 101 073 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.833 855 672 565 204 241 626 412 999 948 202 147 84;
  • 44) 0.833 855 672 565 204 241 626 412 999 948 202 147 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.667 711 345 130 408 483 252 825 999 896 404 295 68;
  • 45) 0.667 711 345 130 408 483 252 825 999 896 404 295 68 × 2 = 1 + 0.335 422 690 260 816 966 505 651 999 792 808 591 36;
  • 46) 0.335 422 690 260 816 966 505 651 999 792 808 591 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 845 380 521 633 933 011 303 999 585 617 182 72;
  • 47) 0.670 845 380 521 633 933 011 303 999 585 617 182 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 690 761 043 267 866 022 607 999 171 234 365 44;
  • 48) 0.341 690 761 043 267 866 022 607 999 171 234 365 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.683 381 522 086 535 732 045 215 998 342 468 730 88;
  • 49) 0.683 381 522 086 535 732 045 215 998 342 468 730 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.366 763 044 173 071 464 090 431 996 684 937 461 76;
  • 50) 0.366 763 044 173 071 464 090 431 996 684 937 461 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.733 526 088 346 142 928 180 863 993 369 874 923 52;
  • 51) 0.733 526 088 346 142 928 180 863 993 369 874 923 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.467 052 176 692 285 856 361 727 986 739 749 847 04;
  • 52) 0.467 052 176 692 285 856 361 727 986 739 749 847 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.934 104 353 384 571 712 723 455 973 479 499 694 08;
  • 53) 0.934 104 353 384 571 712 723 455 973 479 499 694 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.868 208 706 769 143 425 446 911 946 958 999 388 16;
  • 54) 0.868 208 706 769 143 425 446 911 946 958 999 388 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.736 417 413 538 286 850 893 823 893 917 998 776 32;
  • 55) 0.736 417 413 538 286 850 893 823 893 917 998 776 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.472 834 827 076 573 701 787 647 787 835 997 552 64;
  • 56) 0.472 834 827 076 573 701 787 647 787 835 997 552 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.945 669 654 153 147 403 575 295 575 671 995 105 28;
  • 57) 0.945 669 654 153 147 403 575 295 575 671 995 105 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.891 339 308 306 294 807 150 591 151 343 990 210 56;
  • 58) 0.891 339 308 306 294 807 150 591 151 343 990 210 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.782 678 616 612 589 614 301 182 302 687 980 421 12;
  • 59) 0.782 678 616 612 589 614 301 182 302 687 980 421 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.565 357 233 225 179 228 602 364 605 375 960 842 24;
  • 60) 0.565 357 233 225 179 228 602 364 605 375 960 842 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 714 466 450 358 457 204 729 210 751 921 684 48;
  • 61) 0.130 714 466 450 358 457 204 729 210 751 921 684 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.261 428 932 900 716 914 409 458 421 503 843 368 96;
  • 62) 0.261 428 932 900 716 914 409 458 421 503 843 368 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.522 857 865 801 433 828 818 916 843 007 686 737 92;
  • 63) 0.522 857 865 801 433 828 818 916 843 007 686 737 92 × 2 = 1 + 0.045 715 731 602 867 657 637 833 686 015 373 475 84;
  • 64) 0.045 715 731 602 867 657 637 833 686 015 373 475 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.091 431 463 205 735 315 275 667 372 030 746 951 68;
  • 65) 0.091 431 463 205 735 315 275 667 372 030 746 951 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.182 862 926 411 470 630 551 334 744 061 493 903 36;
  • 66) 0.182 862 926 411 470 630 551 334 744 061 493 903 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.365 725 852 822 941 261 102 669 488 122 987 806 72;
  • 67) 0.365 725 852 822 941 261 102 669 488 122 987 806 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 451 705 645 882 522 205 338 976 245 975 613 44;
  • 68) 0.731 451 705 645 882 522 205 338 976 245 975 613 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.462 903 411 291 765 044 410 677 952 491 951 226 88;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 661 48(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 661 48(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 16 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 661 48(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 20 =

1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 2-16


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -16

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-16 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-16 + 1 023)(10) =

1 007(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 007 ÷ 2 = 503 + 1;
  • 503 ÷ 2 = 251 + 1;
  • 251 ÷ 2 = 125 + 1;
  • 125 ÷ 2 = 62 + 1;
  • 62 ÷ 2 = 31 + 0;
  • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

1007(10) =

011 1110 1111(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001 =

0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1110 1111

Mantissa (52 bits) =
0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


Decimal number 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 661 48 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1110 1111 - 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100