0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 736 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 736(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 736(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 736.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 736 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 309 019 321 472;
  • 2) 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 309 019 321 472 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 618 038 642 944;
  • 3) 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 618 038 642 944 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 236 077 285 888;
  • 4) 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 236 077 285 888 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 986 472 154 571 776;
  • 5) 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 986 472 154 571 776 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 972 944 309 143 552;
  • 6) 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 972 944 309 143 552 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 945 888 618 287 104;
  • 7) 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 945 888 618 287 104 × 2 = 0 + 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 891 777 236 574 208;
  • 8) 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 891 777 236 574 208 × 2 = 0 + 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 783 554 473 148 416;
  • 9) 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 783 554 473 148 416 × 2 = 0 + 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 567 108 946 296 832;
  • 10) 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 567 108 946 296 832 × 2 = 0 + 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 134 217 892 593 664;
  • 11) 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 134 217 892 593 664 × 2 = 0 + 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 268 435 785 187 328;
  • 12) 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 268 435 785 187 328 × 2 = 0 + 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 536 871 570 374 656;
  • 13) 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 536 871 570 374 656 × 2 = 0 + 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 073 743 140 749 312;
  • 14) 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 073 743 140 749 312 × 2 = 0 + 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 826 147 486 281 498 624;
  • 15) 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 826 147 486 281 498 624 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 652 294 972 562 997 248;
  • 16) 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 652 294 972 562 997 248 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 304 589 945 125 994 496;
  • 17) 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 304 589 945 125 994 496 × 2 = 0 + 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 609 179 890 251 988 992;
  • 18) 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 609 179 890 251 988 992 × 2 = 1 + 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 218 359 780 503 977 984;
  • 19) 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 218 359 780 503 977 984 × 2 = 0 + 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 436 719 561 007 955 968;
  • 20) 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 436 719 561 007 955 968 × 2 = 1 + 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 873 439 122 015 911 936;
  • 21) 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 873 439 122 015 911 936 × 2 = 1 + 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 746 878 244 031 823 872;
  • 22) 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 746 878 244 031 823 872 × 2 = 1 + 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 493 756 488 063 647 744;
  • 23) 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 493 756 488 063 647 744 × 2 = 0 + 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 094 987 512 976 127 295 488;
  • 24) 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 094 987 512 976 127 295 488 × 2 = 1 + 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 189 975 025 952 254 590 976;
  • 25) 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 189 975 025 952 254 590 976 × 2 = 0 + 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 379 950 051 904 509 181 952;
  • 26) 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 379 950 051 904 509 181 952 × 2 = 1 + 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 759 900 103 809 018 363 904;
  • 27) 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 759 900 103 809 018 363 904 × 2 = 1 + 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 519 800 207 618 036 727 808;
  • 28) 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 519 800 207 618 036 727 808 × 2 = 1 + 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 039 600 415 236 073 455 616;
  • 29) 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 039 600 415 236 073 455 616 × 2 = 1 + 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 079 200 830 472 146 911 232;
  • 30) 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 079 200 830 472 146 911 232 × 2 = 0 + 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 158 401 660 944 293 822 464;
  • 31) 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 158 401 660 944 293 822 464 × 2 = 1 + 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 316 803 321 888 587 644 928;
  • 32) 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 316 803 321 888 587 644 928 × 2 = 1 + 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 633 606 643 777 175 289 856;
  • 33) 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 633 606 643 777 175 289 856 × 2 = 0 + 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 267 213 287 554 350 579 712;
  • 34) 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 267 213 287 554 350 579 712 × 2 = 1 + 0.204 753 624 360 478 914 534 426 575 108 701 159 424;
  • 35) 0.204 753 624 360 478 914 534 426 575 108 701 159 424 × 2 = 0 + 0.409 507 248 720 957 829 068 853 150 217 402 318 848;
  • 36) 0.409 507 248 720 957 829 068 853 150 217 402 318 848 × 2 = 0 + 0.819 014 497 441 915 658 137 706 300 434 804 637 696;
  • 37) 0.819 014 497 441 915 658 137 706 300 434 804 637 696 × 2 = 1 + 0.638 028 994 883 831 316 275 412 600 869 609 275 392;
  • 38) 0.638 028 994 883 831 316 275 412 600 869 609 275 392 × 2 = 1 + 0.276 057 989 767 662 632 550 825 201 739 218 550 784;
  • 39) 0.276 057 989 767 662 632 550 825 201 739 218 550 784 × 2 = 0 + 0.552 115 979 535 325 265 101 650 403 478 437 101 568;
  • 40) 0.552 115 979 535 325 265 101 650 403 478 437 101 568 × 2 = 1 + 0.104 231 959 070 650 530 203 300 806 956 874 203 136;
  • 41) 0.104 231 959 070 650 530 203 300 806 956 874 203 136 × 2 = 0 + 0.208 463 918 141 301 060 406 601 613 913 748 406 272;
  • 42) 0.208 463 918 141 301 060 406 601 613 913 748 406 272 × 2 = 0 + 0.416 927 836 282 602 120 813 203 227 827 496 812 544;
  • 43) 0.416 927 836 282 602 120 813 203 227 827 496 812 544 × 2 = 0 + 0.833 855 672 565 204 241 626 406 455 654 993 625 088;
  • 44) 0.833 855 672 565 204 241 626 406 455 654 993 625 088 × 2 = 1 + 0.667 711 345 130 408 483 252 812 911 309 987 250 176;
  • 45) 0.667 711 345 130 408 483 252 812 911 309 987 250 176 × 2 = 1 + 0.335 422 690 260 816 966 505 625 822 619 974 500 352;
  • 46) 0.335 422 690 260 816 966 505 625 822 619 974 500 352 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 845 380 521 633 933 011 251 645 239 949 000 704;
  • 47) 0.670 845 380 521 633 933 011 251 645 239 949 000 704 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 690 761 043 267 866 022 503 290 479 898 001 408;
  • 48) 0.341 690 761 043 267 866 022 503 290 479 898 001 408 × 2 = 0 + 0.683 381 522 086 535 732 045 006 580 959 796 002 816;
  • 49) 0.683 381 522 086 535 732 045 006 580 959 796 002 816 × 2 = 1 + 0.366 763 044 173 071 464 090 013 161 919 592 005 632;
  • 50) 0.366 763 044 173 071 464 090 013 161 919 592 005 632 × 2 = 0 + 0.733 526 088 346 142 928 180 026 323 839 184 011 264;
  • 51) 0.733 526 088 346 142 928 180 026 323 839 184 011 264 × 2 = 1 + 0.467 052 176 692 285 856 360 052 647 678 368 022 528;
  • 52) 0.467 052 176 692 285 856 360 052 647 678 368 022 528 × 2 = 0 + 0.934 104 353 384 571 712 720 105 295 356 736 045 056;
  • 53) 0.934 104 353 384 571 712 720 105 295 356 736 045 056 × 2 = 1 + 0.868 208 706 769 143 425 440 210 590 713 472 090 112;
  • 54) 0.868 208 706 769 143 425 440 210 590 713 472 090 112 × 2 = 1 + 0.736 417 413 538 286 850 880 421 181 426 944 180 224;
  • 55) 0.736 417 413 538 286 850 880 421 181 426 944 180 224 × 2 = 1 + 0.472 834 827 076 573 701 760 842 362 853 888 360 448;
  • 56) 0.472 834 827 076 573 701 760 842 362 853 888 360 448 × 2 = 0 + 0.945 669 654 153 147 403 521 684 725 707 776 720 896;
  • 57) 0.945 669 654 153 147 403 521 684 725 707 776 720 896 × 2 = 1 + 0.891 339 308 306 294 807 043 369 451 415 553 441 792;
  • 58) 0.891 339 308 306 294 807 043 369 451 415 553 441 792 × 2 = 1 + 0.782 678 616 612 589 614 086 738 902 831 106 883 584;
  • 59) 0.782 678 616 612 589 614 086 738 902 831 106 883 584 × 2 = 1 + 0.565 357 233 225 179 228 173 477 805 662 213 767 168;
  • 60) 0.565 357 233 225 179 228 173 477 805 662 213 767 168 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 714 466 450 358 456 346 955 611 324 427 534 336;
  • 61) 0.130 714 466 450 358 456 346 955 611 324 427 534 336 × 2 = 0 + 0.261 428 932 900 716 912 693 911 222 648 855 068 672;
  • 62) 0.261 428 932 900 716 912 693 911 222 648 855 068 672 × 2 = 0 + 0.522 857 865 801 433 825 387 822 445 297 710 137 344;
  • 63) 0.522 857 865 801 433 825 387 822 445 297 710 137 344 × 2 = 1 + 0.045 715 731 602 867 650 775 644 890 595 420 274 688;
  • 64) 0.045 715 731 602 867 650 775 644 890 595 420 274 688 × 2 = 0 + 0.091 431 463 205 735 301 551 289 781 190 840 549 376;
  • 65) 0.091 431 463 205 735 301 551 289 781 190 840 549 376 × 2 = 0 + 0.182 862 926 411 470 603 102 579 562 381 681 098 752;
  • 66) 0.182 862 926 411 470 603 102 579 562 381 681 098 752 × 2 = 0 + 0.365 725 852 822 941 206 205 159 124 763 362 197 504;
  • 67) 0.365 725 852 822 941 206 205 159 124 763 362 197 504 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 451 705 645 882 412 410 318 249 526 724 395 008;
  • 68) 0.731 451 705 645 882 412 410 318 249 526 724 395 008 × 2 = 1 + 0.462 903 411 291 764 824 820 636 499 053 448 790 016;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 736(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 736(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 16 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 736(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 20 =

1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 2-16


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -16

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-16 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-16 + 1 023)(10) =

1 007(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 007 ÷ 2 = 503 + 1;
  • 503 ÷ 2 = 251 + 1;
  • 251 ÷ 2 = 125 + 1;
  • 125 ÷ 2 = 62 + 1;
  • 62 ÷ 2 = 31 + 0;
  • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

1007(10) =

011 1110 1111(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001 =

0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1110 1111

Mantissa (52 bits) =
0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


Decimal number 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 736 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1110 1111 - 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100