0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 627 2 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 627 2(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 627 2(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 627 2.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 627 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 309 019 321 254 4;
  • 2) 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 309 019 321 254 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 618 038 642 508 8;
  • 3) 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 618 038 642 508 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 236 077 285 017 6;
  • 4) 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 236 077 285 017 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 986 472 154 570 035 2;
  • 5) 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 986 472 154 570 035 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 972 944 309 140 070 4;
  • 6) 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 972 944 309 140 070 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 945 888 618 280 140 8;
  • 7) 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 945 888 618 280 140 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 891 777 236 560 281 6;
  • 8) 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 891 777 236 560 281 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 783 554 473 120 563 2;
  • 9) 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 783 554 473 120 563 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 567 108 946 241 126 4;
  • 10) 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 567 108 946 241 126 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 134 217 892 482 252 8;
  • 11) 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 134 217 892 482 252 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 268 435 784 964 505 6;
  • 12) 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 268 435 784 964 505 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 536 871 569 929 011 2;
  • 13) 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 536 871 569 929 011 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 073 743 139 858 022 4;
  • 14) 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 073 743 139 858 022 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 826 147 486 279 716 044 8;
  • 15) 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 826 147 486 279 716 044 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 652 294 972 559 432 089 6;
  • 16) 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 652 294 972 559 432 089 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 304 589 945 118 864 179 2;
  • 17) 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 304 589 945 118 864 179 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 609 179 890 237 728 358 4;
  • 18) 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 609 179 890 237 728 358 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 218 359 780 475 456 716 8;
  • 19) 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 218 359 780 475 456 716 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 436 719 560 950 913 433 6;
  • 20) 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 436 719 560 950 913 433 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 873 439 121 901 826 867 2;
  • 21) 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 873 439 121 901 826 867 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 746 878 243 803 653 734 4;
  • 22) 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 746 878 243 803 653 734 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 493 756 487 607 307 468 8;
  • 23) 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 493 756 487 607 307 468 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 094 987 512 975 214 614 937 6;
  • 24) 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 094 987 512 975 214 614 937 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 189 975 025 950 429 229 875 2;
  • 25) 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 189 975 025 950 429 229 875 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 379 950 051 900 858 459 750 4;
  • 26) 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 379 950 051 900 858 459 750 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 759 900 103 801 716 919 500 8;
  • 27) 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 759 900 103 801 716 919 500 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 519 800 207 603 433 839 001 6;
  • 28) 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 519 800 207 603 433 839 001 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 039 600 415 206 867 678 003 2;
  • 29) 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 039 600 415 206 867 678 003 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 079 200 830 413 735 356 006 4;
  • 30) 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 079 200 830 413 735 356 006 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 158 401 660 827 470 712 012 8;
  • 31) 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 158 401 660 827 470 712 012 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 316 803 321 654 941 424 025 6;
  • 32) 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 316 803 321 654 941 424 025 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 633 606 643 309 882 848 051 2;
  • 33) 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 633 606 643 309 882 848 051 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 267 213 286 619 765 696 102 4;
  • 34) 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 267 213 286 619 765 696 102 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.204 753 624 360 478 914 534 426 573 239 531 392 204 8;
  • 35) 0.204 753 624 360 478 914 534 426 573 239 531 392 204 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.409 507 248 720 957 829 068 853 146 479 062 784 409 6;
  • 36) 0.409 507 248 720 957 829 068 853 146 479 062 784 409 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.819 014 497 441 915 658 137 706 292 958 125 568 819 2;
  • 37) 0.819 014 497 441 915 658 137 706 292 958 125 568 819 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.638 028 994 883 831 316 275 412 585 916 251 137 638 4;
  • 38) 0.638 028 994 883 831 316 275 412 585 916 251 137 638 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.276 057 989 767 662 632 550 825 171 832 502 275 276 8;
  • 39) 0.276 057 989 767 662 632 550 825 171 832 502 275 276 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.552 115 979 535 325 265 101 650 343 665 004 550 553 6;
  • 40) 0.552 115 979 535 325 265 101 650 343 665 004 550 553 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.104 231 959 070 650 530 203 300 687 330 009 101 107 2;
  • 41) 0.104 231 959 070 650 530 203 300 687 330 009 101 107 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.208 463 918 141 301 060 406 601 374 660 018 202 214 4;
  • 42) 0.208 463 918 141 301 060 406 601 374 660 018 202 214 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.416 927 836 282 602 120 813 202 749 320 036 404 428 8;
  • 43) 0.416 927 836 282 602 120 813 202 749 320 036 404 428 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.833 855 672 565 204 241 626 405 498 640 072 808 857 6;
  • 44) 0.833 855 672 565 204 241 626 405 498 640 072 808 857 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.667 711 345 130 408 483 252 810 997 280 145 617 715 2;
  • 45) 0.667 711 345 130 408 483 252 810 997 280 145 617 715 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.335 422 690 260 816 966 505 621 994 560 291 235 430 4;
  • 46) 0.335 422 690 260 816 966 505 621 994 560 291 235 430 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 845 380 521 633 933 011 243 989 120 582 470 860 8;
  • 47) 0.670 845 380 521 633 933 011 243 989 120 582 470 860 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 690 761 043 267 866 022 487 978 241 164 941 721 6;
  • 48) 0.341 690 761 043 267 866 022 487 978 241 164 941 721 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.683 381 522 086 535 732 044 975 956 482 329 883 443 2;
  • 49) 0.683 381 522 086 535 732 044 975 956 482 329 883 443 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.366 763 044 173 071 464 089 951 912 964 659 766 886 4;
  • 50) 0.366 763 044 173 071 464 089 951 912 964 659 766 886 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.733 526 088 346 142 928 179 903 825 929 319 533 772 8;
  • 51) 0.733 526 088 346 142 928 179 903 825 929 319 533 772 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.467 052 176 692 285 856 359 807 651 858 639 067 545 6;
  • 52) 0.467 052 176 692 285 856 359 807 651 858 639 067 545 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.934 104 353 384 571 712 719 615 303 717 278 135 091 2;
  • 53) 0.934 104 353 384 571 712 719 615 303 717 278 135 091 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.868 208 706 769 143 425 439 230 607 434 556 270 182 4;
  • 54) 0.868 208 706 769 143 425 439 230 607 434 556 270 182 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.736 417 413 538 286 850 878 461 214 869 112 540 364 8;
  • 55) 0.736 417 413 538 286 850 878 461 214 869 112 540 364 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.472 834 827 076 573 701 756 922 429 738 225 080 729 6;
  • 56) 0.472 834 827 076 573 701 756 922 429 738 225 080 729 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.945 669 654 153 147 403 513 844 859 476 450 161 459 2;
  • 57) 0.945 669 654 153 147 403 513 844 859 476 450 161 459 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.891 339 308 306 294 807 027 689 718 952 900 322 918 4;
  • 58) 0.891 339 308 306 294 807 027 689 718 952 900 322 918 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.782 678 616 612 589 614 055 379 437 905 800 645 836 8;
  • 59) 0.782 678 616 612 589 614 055 379 437 905 800 645 836 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.565 357 233 225 179 228 110 758 875 811 601 291 673 6;
  • 60) 0.565 357 233 225 179 228 110 758 875 811 601 291 673 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 714 466 450 358 456 221 517 751 623 202 583 347 2;
  • 61) 0.130 714 466 450 358 456 221 517 751 623 202 583 347 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.261 428 932 900 716 912 443 035 503 246 405 166 694 4;
  • 62) 0.261 428 932 900 716 912 443 035 503 246 405 166 694 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.522 857 865 801 433 824 886 071 006 492 810 333 388 8;
  • 63) 0.522 857 865 801 433 824 886 071 006 492 810 333 388 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.045 715 731 602 867 649 772 142 012 985 620 666 777 6;
  • 64) 0.045 715 731 602 867 649 772 142 012 985 620 666 777 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.091 431 463 205 735 299 544 284 025 971 241 333 555 2;
  • 65) 0.091 431 463 205 735 299 544 284 025 971 241 333 555 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.182 862 926 411 470 599 088 568 051 942 482 667 110 4;
  • 66) 0.182 862 926 411 470 599 088 568 051 942 482 667 110 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.365 725 852 822 941 198 177 136 103 884 965 334 220 8;
  • 67) 0.365 725 852 822 941 198 177 136 103 884 965 334 220 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 451 705 645 882 396 354 272 207 769 930 668 441 6;
  • 68) 0.731 451 705 645 882 396 354 272 207 769 930 668 441 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.462 903 411 291 764 792 708 544 415 539 861 336 883 2;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 627 2(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 627 2(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 16 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 627 2(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 20 =

1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 2-16


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -16

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-16 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-16 + 1 023)(10) =

1 007(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 007 ÷ 2 = 503 + 1;
  • 503 ÷ 2 = 251 + 1;
  • 251 ÷ 2 = 125 + 1;
  • 125 ÷ 2 = 62 + 1;
  • 62 ÷ 2 = 31 + 0;
  • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

1007(10) =

011 1110 1111(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001 =

0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1110 1111

Mantissa (52 bits) =
0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


Decimal number 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 627 2 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1110 1111 - 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001

Share

» Convert decimal 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 635 9 to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard

» Calculations Performed by Our Visitors: Decimal Numbers Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard. Data organized on a Monthly Basis

» Month 08, 2026 [August]: Decimal Numbers Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard. Calculations performed during the month of: August - by our visitors

» Improve your social skills: Why Do Colleagues From Other Teams Have Better Results? Gemini Notebook YouTube Video of 11.31 minutes

How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100