0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 618 033 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 618 033(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 618 033(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 618 033.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 618 033 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 309 019 321 236 066;
  • 2) 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 309 019 321 236 066 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 618 038 642 472 132;
  • 3) 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 618 038 642 472 132 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 236 077 284 944 264;
  • 4) 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 236 077 284 944 264 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 986 472 154 569 888 528;
  • 5) 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 986 472 154 569 888 528 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 972 944 309 139 777 056;
  • 6) 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 972 944 309 139 777 056 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 945 888 618 279 554 112;
  • 7) 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 945 888 618 279 554 112 × 2 = 0 + 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 891 777 236 559 108 224;
  • 8) 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 891 777 236 559 108 224 × 2 = 0 + 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 783 554 473 118 216 448;
  • 9) 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 783 554 473 118 216 448 × 2 = 0 + 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 567 108 946 236 432 896;
  • 10) 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 567 108 946 236 432 896 × 2 = 0 + 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 134 217 892 472 865 792;
  • 11) 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 134 217 892 472 865 792 × 2 = 0 + 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 268 435 784 945 731 584;
  • 12) 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 268 435 784 945 731 584 × 2 = 0 + 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 536 871 569 891 463 168;
  • 13) 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 536 871 569 891 463 168 × 2 = 0 + 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 073 743 139 782 926 336;
  • 14) 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 073 743 139 782 926 336 × 2 = 0 + 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 826 147 486 279 565 852 672;
  • 15) 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 826 147 486 279 565 852 672 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 652 294 972 559 131 705 344;
  • 16) 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 652 294 972 559 131 705 344 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 304 589 945 118 263 410 688;
  • 17) 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 304 589 945 118 263 410 688 × 2 = 0 + 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 609 179 890 236 526 821 376;
  • 18) 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 609 179 890 236 526 821 376 × 2 = 1 + 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 218 359 780 473 053 642 752;
  • 19) 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 218 359 780 473 053 642 752 × 2 = 0 + 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 436 719 560 946 107 285 504;
  • 20) 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 436 719 560 946 107 285 504 × 2 = 1 + 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 873 439 121 892 214 571 008;
  • 21) 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 873 439 121 892 214 571 008 × 2 = 1 + 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 746 878 243 784 429 142 016;
  • 22) 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 746 878 243 784 429 142 016 × 2 = 1 + 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 493 756 487 568 858 284 032;
  • 23) 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 493 756 487 568 858 284 032 × 2 = 0 + 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 094 987 512 975 137 716 568 064;
  • 24) 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 094 987 512 975 137 716 568 064 × 2 = 1 + 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 189 975 025 950 275 433 136 128;
  • 25) 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 189 975 025 950 275 433 136 128 × 2 = 0 + 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 379 950 051 900 550 866 272 256;
  • 26) 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 379 950 051 900 550 866 272 256 × 2 = 1 + 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 759 900 103 801 101 732 544 512;
  • 27) 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 759 900 103 801 101 732 544 512 × 2 = 1 + 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 519 800 207 602 203 465 089 024;
  • 28) 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 519 800 207 602 203 465 089 024 × 2 = 1 + 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 039 600 415 204 406 930 178 048;
  • 29) 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 039 600 415 204 406 930 178 048 × 2 = 1 + 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 079 200 830 408 813 860 356 096;
  • 30) 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 079 200 830 408 813 860 356 096 × 2 = 0 + 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 158 401 660 817 627 720 712 192;
  • 31) 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 158 401 660 817 627 720 712 192 × 2 = 1 + 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 316 803 321 635 255 441 424 384;
  • 32) 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 316 803 321 635 255 441 424 384 × 2 = 1 + 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 633 606 643 270 510 882 848 768;
  • 33) 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 633 606 643 270 510 882 848 768 × 2 = 0 + 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 267 213 286 541 021 765 697 536;
  • 34) 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 267 213 286 541 021 765 697 536 × 2 = 1 + 0.204 753 624 360 478 914 534 426 573 082 043 531 395 072;
  • 35) 0.204 753 624 360 478 914 534 426 573 082 043 531 395 072 × 2 = 0 + 0.409 507 248 720 957 829 068 853 146 164 087 062 790 144;
  • 36) 0.409 507 248 720 957 829 068 853 146 164 087 062 790 144 × 2 = 0 + 0.819 014 497 441 915 658 137 706 292 328 174 125 580 288;
  • 37) 0.819 014 497 441 915 658 137 706 292 328 174 125 580 288 × 2 = 1 + 0.638 028 994 883 831 316 275 412 584 656 348 251 160 576;
  • 38) 0.638 028 994 883 831 316 275 412 584 656 348 251 160 576 × 2 = 1 + 0.276 057 989 767 662 632 550 825 169 312 696 502 321 152;
  • 39) 0.276 057 989 767 662 632 550 825 169 312 696 502 321 152 × 2 = 0 + 0.552 115 979 535 325 265 101 650 338 625 393 004 642 304;
  • 40) 0.552 115 979 535 325 265 101 650 338 625 393 004 642 304 × 2 = 1 + 0.104 231 959 070 650 530 203 300 677 250 786 009 284 608;
  • 41) 0.104 231 959 070 650 530 203 300 677 250 786 009 284 608 × 2 = 0 + 0.208 463 918 141 301 060 406 601 354 501 572 018 569 216;
  • 42) 0.208 463 918 141 301 060 406 601 354 501 572 018 569 216 × 2 = 0 + 0.416 927 836 282 602 120 813 202 709 003 144 037 138 432;
  • 43) 0.416 927 836 282 602 120 813 202 709 003 144 037 138 432 × 2 = 0 + 0.833 855 672 565 204 241 626 405 418 006 288 074 276 864;
  • 44) 0.833 855 672 565 204 241 626 405 418 006 288 074 276 864 × 2 = 1 + 0.667 711 345 130 408 483 252 810 836 012 576 148 553 728;
  • 45) 0.667 711 345 130 408 483 252 810 836 012 576 148 553 728 × 2 = 1 + 0.335 422 690 260 816 966 505 621 672 025 152 297 107 456;
  • 46) 0.335 422 690 260 816 966 505 621 672 025 152 297 107 456 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 845 380 521 633 933 011 243 344 050 304 594 214 912;
  • 47) 0.670 845 380 521 633 933 011 243 344 050 304 594 214 912 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 690 761 043 267 866 022 486 688 100 609 188 429 824;
  • 48) 0.341 690 761 043 267 866 022 486 688 100 609 188 429 824 × 2 = 0 + 0.683 381 522 086 535 732 044 973 376 201 218 376 859 648;
  • 49) 0.683 381 522 086 535 732 044 973 376 201 218 376 859 648 × 2 = 1 + 0.366 763 044 173 071 464 089 946 752 402 436 753 719 296;
  • 50) 0.366 763 044 173 071 464 089 946 752 402 436 753 719 296 × 2 = 0 + 0.733 526 088 346 142 928 179 893 504 804 873 507 438 592;
  • 51) 0.733 526 088 346 142 928 179 893 504 804 873 507 438 592 × 2 = 1 + 0.467 052 176 692 285 856 359 787 009 609 747 014 877 184;
  • 52) 0.467 052 176 692 285 856 359 787 009 609 747 014 877 184 × 2 = 0 + 0.934 104 353 384 571 712 719 574 019 219 494 029 754 368;
  • 53) 0.934 104 353 384 571 712 719 574 019 219 494 029 754 368 × 2 = 1 + 0.868 208 706 769 143 425 439 148 038 438 988 059 508 736;
  • 54) 0.868 208 706 769 143 425 439 148 038 438 988 059 508 736 × 2 = 1 + 0.736 417 413 538 286 850 878 296 076 877 976 119 017 472;
  • 55) 0.736 417 413 538 286 850 878 296 076 877 976 119 017 472 × 2 = 1 + 0.472 834 827 076 573 701 756 592 153 755 952 238 034 944;
  • 56) 0.472 834 827 076 573 701 756 592 153 755 952 238 034 944 × 2 = 0 + 0.945 669 654 153 147 403 513 184 307 511 904 476 069 888;
  • 57) 0.945 669 654 153 147 403 513 184 307 511 904 476 069 888 × 2 = 1 + 0.891 339 308 306 294 807 026 368 615 023 808 952 139 776;
  • 58) 0.891 339 308 306 294 807 026 368 615 023 808 952 139 776 × 2 = 1 + 0.782 678 616 612 589 614 052 737 230 047 617 904 279 552;
  • 59) 0.782 678 616 612 589 614 052 737 230 047 617 904 279 552 × 2 = 1 + 0.565 357 233 225 179 228 105 474 460 095 235 808 559 104;
  • 60) 0.565 357 233 225 179 228 105 474 460 095 235 808 559 104 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 714 466 450 358 456 210 948 920 190 471 617 118 208;
  • 61) 0.130 714 466 450 358 456 210 948 920 190 471 617 118 208 × 2 = 0 + 0.261 428 932 900 716 912 421 897 840 380 943 234 236 416;
  • 62) 0.261 428 932 900 716 912 421 897 840 380 943 234 236 416 × 2 = 0 + 0.522 857 865 801 433 824 843 795 680 761 886 468 472 832;
  • 63) 0.522 857 865 801 433 824 843 795 680 761 886 468 472 832 × 2 = 1 + 0.045 715 731 602 867 649 687 591 361 523 772 936 945 664;
  • 64) 0.045 715 731 602 867 649 687 591 361 523 772 936 945 664 × 2 = 0 + 0.091 431 463 205 735 299 375 182 723 047 545 873 891 328;
  • 65) 0.091 431 463 205 735 299 375 182 723 047 545 873 891 328 × 2 = 0 + 0.182 862 926 411 470 598 750 365 446 095 091 747 782 656;
  • 66) 0.182 862 926 411 470 598 750 365 446 095 091 747 782 656 × 2 = 0 + 0.365 725 852 822 941 197 500 730 892 190 183 495 565 312;
  • 67) 0.365 725 852 822 941 197 500 730 892 190 183 495 565 312 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 451 705 645 882 395 001 461 784 380 366 991 130 624;
  • 68) 0.731 451 705 645 882 395 001 461 784 380 366 991 130 624 × 2 = 1 + 0.462 903 411 291 764 790 002 923 568 760 733 982 261 248;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 618 033(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 618 033(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 16 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 618 033(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 20 =

1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 2-16


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -16

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-16 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-16 + 1 023)(10) =

1 007(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 007 ÷ 2 = 503 + 1;
  • 503 ÷ 2 = 251 + 1;
  • 251 ÷ 2 = 125 + 1;
  • 125 ÷ 2 = 62 + 1;
  • 62 ÷ 2 = 31 + 0;
  • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

1007(10) =

011 1110 1111(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001 =

0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1110 1111

Mantissa (52 bits) =
0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


Decimal number 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 618 033 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1110 1111 - 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100