0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 617 309 444 9 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 617 309 444 9(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 617 309 444 9(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 617 309 444 9.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 617 309 444 9 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 309 019 321 234 618 889 8;
  • 2) 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 309 019 321 234 618 889 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 618 038 642 469 237 779 6;
  • 3) 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 618 038 642 469 237 779 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 236 077 284 938 475 559 2;
  • 4) 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 236 077 284 938 475 559 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 986 472 154 569 876 951 118 4;
  • 5) 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 986 472 154 569 876 951 118 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 972 944 309 139 753 902 236 8;
  • 6) 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 972 944 309 139 753 902 236 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 945 888 618 279 507 804 473 6;
  • 7) 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 945 888 618 279 507 804 473 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 891 777 236 559 015 608 947 2;
  • 8) 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 891 777 236 559 015 608 947 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 783 554 473 118 031 217 894 4;
  • 9) 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 783 554 473 118 031 217 894 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 567 108 946 236 062 435 788 8;
  • 10) 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 567 108 946 236 062 435 788 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 134 217 892 472 124 871 577 6;
  • 11) 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 134 217 892 472 124 871 577 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 268 435 784 944 249 743 155 2;
  • 12) 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 268 435 784 944 249 743 155 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 536 871 569 888 499 486 310 4;
  • 13) 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 536 871 569 888 499 486 310 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 073 743 139 776 998 972 620 8;
  • 14) 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 073 743 139 776 998 972 620 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 826 147 486 279 553 997 945 241 6;
  • 15) 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 826 147 486 279 553 997 945 241 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 652 294 972 559 107 995 890 483 2;
  • 16) 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 652 294 972 559 107 995 890 483 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 304 589 945 118 215 991 780 966 4;
  • 17) 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 304 589 945 118 215 991 780 966 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 609 179 890 236 431 983 561 932 8;
  • 18) 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 609 179 890 236 431 983 561 932 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 218 359 780 472 863 967 123 865 6;
  • 19) 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 218 359 780 472 863 967 123 865 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 436 719 560 945 727 934 247 731 2;
  • 20) 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 436 719 560 945 727 934 247 731 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 873 439 121 891 455 868 495 462 4;
  • 21) 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 873 439 121 891 455 868 495 462 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 746 878 243 782 911 736 990 924 8;
  • 22) 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 746 878 243 782 911 736 990 924 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 493 756 487 565 823 473 981 849 6;
  • 23) 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 493 756 487 565 823 473 981 849 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 094 987 512 975 131 646 947 963 699 2;
  • 24) 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 094 987 512 975 131 646 947 963 699 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 189 975 025 950 263 293 895 927 398 4;
  • 25) 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 189 975 025 950 263 293 895 927 398 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 379 950 051 900 526 587 791 854 796 8;
  • 26) 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 379 950 051 900 526 587 791 854 796 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 759 900 103 801 053 175 583 709 593 6;
  • 27) 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 759 900 103 801 053 175 583 709 593 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 519 800 207 602 106 351 167 419 187 2;
  • 28) 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 519 800 207 602 106 351 167 419 187 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 039 600 415 204 212 702 334 838 374 4;
  • 29) 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 039 600 415 204 212 702 334 838 374 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 079 200 830 408 425 404 669 676 748 8;
  • 30) 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 079 200 830 408 425 404 669 676 748 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 158 401 660 816 850 809 339 353 497 6;
  • 31) 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 158 401 660 816 850 809 339 353 497 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 316 803 321 633 701 618 678 706 995 2;
  • 32) 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 316 803 321 633 701 618 678 706 995 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 633 606 643 267 403 237 357 413 990 4;
  • 33) 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 633 606 643 267 403 237 357 413 990 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 267 213 286 534 806 474 714 827 980 8;
  • 34) 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 267 213 286 534 806 474 714 827 980 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.204 753 624 360 478 914 534 426 573 069 612 949 429 655 961 6;
  • 35) 0.204 753 624 360 478 914 534 426 573 069 612 949 429 655 961 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.409 507 248 720 957 829 068 853 146 139 225 898 859 311 923 2;
  • 36) 0.409 507 248 720 957 829 068 853 146 139 225 898 859 311 923 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.819 014 497 441 915 658 137 706 292 278 451 797 718 623 846 4;
  • 37) 0.819 014 497 441 915 658 137 706 292 278 451 797 718 623 846 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.638 028 994 883 831 316 275 412 584 556 903 595 437 247 692 8;
  • 38) 0.638 028 994 883 831 316 275 412 584 556 903 595 437 247 692 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.276 057 989 767 662 632 550 825 169 113 807 190 874 495 385 6;
  • 39) 0.276 057 989 767 662 632 550 825 169 113 807 190 874 495 385 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.552 115 979 535 325 265 101 650 338 227 614 381 748 990 771 2;
  • 40) 0.552 115 979 535 325 265 101 650 338 227 614 381 748 990 771 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.104 231 959 070 650 530 203 300 676 455 228 763 497 981 542 4;
  • 41) 0.104 231 959 070 650 530 203 300 676 455 228 763 497 981 542 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.208 463 918 141 301 060 406 601 352 910 457 526 995 963 084 8;
  • 42) 0.208 463 918 141 301 060 406 601 352 910 457 526 995 963 084 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.416 927 836 282 602 120 813 202 705 820 915 053 991 926 169 6;
  • 43) 0.416 927 836 282 602 120 813 202 705 820 915 053 991 926 169 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.833 855 672 565 204 241 626 405 411 641 830 107 983 852 339 2;
  • 44) 0.833 855 672 565 204 241 626 405 411 641 830 107 983 852 339 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.667 711 345 130 408 483 252 810 823 283 660 215 967 704 678 4;
  • 45) 0.667 711 345 130 408 483 252 810 823 283 660 215 967 704 678 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.335 422 690 260 816 966 505 621 646 567 320 431 935 409 356 8;
  • 46) 0.335 422 690 260 816 966 505 621 646 567 320 431 935 409 356 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 845 380 521 633 933 011 243 293 134 640 863 870 818 713 6;
  • 47) 0.670 845 380 521 633 933 011 243 293 134 640 863 870 818 713 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 690 761 043 267 866 022 486 586 269 281 727 741 637 427 2;
  • 48) 0.341 690 761 043 267 866 022 486 586 269 281 727 741 637 427 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.683 381 522 086 535 732 044 973 172 538 563 455 483 274 854 4;
  • 49) 0.683 381 522 086 535 732 044 973 172 538 563 455 483 274 854 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.366 763 044 173 071 464 089 946 345 077 126 910 966 549 708 8;
  • 50) 0.366 763 044 173 071 464 089 946 345 077 126 910 966 549 708 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.733 526 088 346 142 928 179 892 690 154 253 821 933 099 417 6;
  • 51) 0.733 526 088 346 142 928 179 892 690 154 253 821 933 099 417 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.467 052 176 692 285 856 359 785 380 308 507 643 866 198 835 2;
  • 52) 0.467 052 176 692 285 856 359 785 380 308 507 643 866 198 835 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.934 104 353 384 571 712 719 570 760 617 015 287 732 397 670 4;
  • 53) 0.934 104 353 384 571 712 719 570 760 617 015 287 732 397 670 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.868 208 706 769 143 425 439 141 521 234 030 575 464 795 340 8;
  • 54) 0.868 208 706 769 143 425 439 141 521 234 030 575 464 795 340 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.736 417 413 538 286 850 878 283 042 468 061 150 929 590 681 6;
  • 55) 0.736 417 413 538 286 850 878 283 042 468 061 150 929 590 681 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.472 834 827 076 573 701 756 566 084 936 122 301 859 181 363 2;
  • 56) 0.472 834 827 076 573 701 756 566 084 936 122 301 859 181 363 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.945 669 654 153 147 403 513 132 169 872 244 603 718 362 726 4;
  • 57) 0.945 669 654 153 147 403 513 132 169 872 244 603 718 362 726 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.891 339 308 306 294 807 026 264 339 744 489 207 436 725 452 8;
  • 58) 0.891 339 308 306 294 807 026 264 339 744 489 207 436 725 452 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.782 678 616 612 589 614 052 528 679 488 978 414 873 450 905 6;
  • 59) 0.782 678 616 612 589 614 052 528 679 488 978 414 873 450 905 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.565 357 233 225 179 228 105 057 358 977 956 829 746 901 811 2;
  • 60) 0.565 357 233 225 179 228 105 057 358 977 956 829 746 901 811 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 714 466 450 358 456 210 114 717 955 913 659 493 803 622 4;
  • 61) 0.130 714 466 450 358 456 210 114 717 955 913 659 493 803 622 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.261 428 932 900 716 912 420 229 435 911 827 318 987 607 244 8;
  • 62) 0.261 428 932 900 716 912 420 229 435 911 827 318 987 607 244 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.522 857 865 801 433 824 840 458 871 823 654 637 975 214 489 6;
  • 63) 0.522 857 865 801 433 824 840 458 871 823 654 637 975 214 489 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.045 715 731 602 867 649 680 917 743 647 309 275 950 428 979 2;
  • 64) 0.045 715 731 602 867 649 680 917 743 647 309 275 950 428 979 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.091 431 463 205 735 299 361 835 487 294 618 551 900 857 958 4;
  • 65) 0.091 431 463 205 735 299 361 835 487 294 618 551 900 857 958 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.182 862 926 411 470 598 723 670 974 589 237 103 801 715 916 8;
  • 66) 0.182 862 926 411 470 598 723 670 974 589 237 103 801 715 916 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.365 725 852 822 941 197 447 341 949 178 474 207 603 431 833 6;
  • 67) 0.365 725 852 822 941 197 447 341 949 178 474 207 603 431 833 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 451 705 645 882 394 894 683 898 356 948 415 206 863 667 2;
  • 68) 0.731 451 705 645 882 394 894 683 898 356 948 415 206 863 667 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.462 903 411 291 764 789 789 367 796 713 896 830 413 727 334 4;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 617 309 444 9(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 617 309 444 9(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 16 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 617 309 444 9(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 20 =

1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 2-16


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -16

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-16 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-16 + 1 023)(10) =

1 007(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 007 ÷ 2 = 503 + 1;
  • 503 ÷ 2 = 251 + 1;
  • 251 ÷ 2 = 125 + 1;
  • 125 ÷ 2 = 62 + 1;
  • 62 ÷ 2 = 31 + 0;
  • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

1007(10) =

011 1110 1111(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001 =

0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1110 1111

Mantissa (52 bits) =
0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


Decimal number 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 617 309 444 9 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1110 1111 - 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100