0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 615 93 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 615 93(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 615 93(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 615 93.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 615 93 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 309 019 321 231 86;
  • 2) 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 309 019 321 231 86 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 618 038 642 463 72;
  • 3) 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 618 038 642 463 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 236 077 284 927 44;
  • 4) 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 236 077 284 927 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 986 472 154 569 854 88;
  • 5) 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 986 472 154 569 854 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 972 944 309 139 709 76;
  • 6) 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 972 944 309 139 709 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 945 888 618 279 419 52;
  • 7) 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 945 888 618 279 419 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 891 777 236 558 839 04;
  • 8) 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 891 777 236 558 839 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 783 554 473 117 678 08;
  • 9) 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 783 554 473 117 678 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 567 108 946 235 356 16;
  • 10) 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 567 108 946 235 356 16 × 2 = 0 + 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 134 217 892 470 712 32;
  • 11) 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 134 217 892 470 712 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 268 435 784 941 424 64;
  • 12) 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 268 435 784 941 424 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 536 871 569 882 849 28;
  • 13) 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 536 871 569 882 849 28 × 2 = 0 + 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 073 743 139 765 698 56;
  • 14) 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 073 743 139 765 698 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 826 147 486 279 531 397 12;
  • 15) 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 826 147 486 279 531 397 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 652 294 972 559 062 794 24;
  • 16) 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 652 294 972 559 062 794 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 304 589 945 118 125 588 48;
  • 17) 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 304 589 945 118 125 588 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 609 179 890 236 251 176 96;
  • 18) 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 609 179 890 236 251 176 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 218 359 780 472 502 353 92;
  • 19) 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 218 359 780 472 502 353 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 436 719 560 945 004 707 84;
  • 20) 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 436 719 560 945 004 707 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 873 439 121 890 009 415 68;
  • 21) 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 873 439 121 890 009 415 68 × 2 = 1 + 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 746 878 243 780 018 831 36;
  • 22) 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 746 878 243 780 018 831 36 × 2 = 1 + 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 493 756 487 560 037 662 72;
  • 23) 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 493 756 487 560 037 662 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 094 987 512 975 120 075 325 44;
  • 24) 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 094 987 512 975 120 075 325 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 189 975 025 950 240 150 650 88;
  • 25) 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 189 975 025 950 240 150 650 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 379 950 051 900 480 301 301 76;
  • 26) 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 379 950 051 900 480 301 301 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 759 900 103 800 960 602 603 52;
  • 27) 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 759 900 103 800 960 602 603 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 519 800 207 601 921 205 207 04;
  • 28) 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 519 800 207 601 921 205 207 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 039 600 415 203 842 410 414 08;
  • 29) 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 039 600 415 203 842 410 414 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 079 200 830 407 684 820 828 16;
  • 30) 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 079 200 830 407 684 820 828 16 × 2 = 0 + 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 158 401 660 815 369 641 656 32;
  • 31) 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 158 401 660 815 369 641 656 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 316 803 321 630 739 283 312 64;
  • 32) 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 316 803 321 630 739 283 312 64 × 2 = 1 + 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 633 606 643 261 478 566 625 28;
  • 33) 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 633 606 643 261 478 566 625 28 × 2 = 0 + 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 267 213 286 522 957 133 250 56;
  • 34) 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 267 213 286 522 957 133 250 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.204 753 624 360 478 914 534 426 573 045 914 266 501 12;
  • 35) 0.204 753 624 360 478 914 534 426 573 045 914 266 501 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.409 507 248 720 957 829 068 853 146 091 828 533 002 24;
  • 36) 0.409 507 248 720 957 829 068 853 146 091 828 533 002 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.819 014 497 441 915 658 137 706 292 183 657 066 004 48;
  • 37) 0.819 014 497 441 915 658 137 706 292 183 657 066 004 48 × 2 = 1 + 0.638 028 994 883 831 316 275 412 584 367 314 132 008 96;
  • 38) 0.638 028 994 883 831 316 275 412 584 367 314 132 008 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.276 057 989 767 662 632 550 825 168 734 628 264 017 92;
  • 39) 0.276 057 989 767 662 632 550 825 168 734 628 264 017 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.552 115 979 535 325 265 101 650 337 469 256 528 035 84;
  • 40) 0.552 115 979 535 325 265 101 650 337 469 256 528 035 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.104 231 959 070 650 530 203 300 674 938 513 056 071 68;
  • 41) 0.104 231 959 070 650 530 203 300 674 938 513 056 071 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.208 463 918 141 301 060 406 601 349 877 026 112 143 36;
  • 42) 0.208 463 918 141 301 060 406 601 349 877 026 112 143 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.416 927 836 282 602 120 813 202 699 754 052 224 286 72;
  • 43) 0.416 927 836 282 602 120 813 202 699 754 052 224 286 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.833 855 672 565 204 241 626 405 399 508 104 448 573 44;
  • 44) 0.833 855 672 565 204 241 626 405 399 508 104 448 573 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.667 711 345 130 408 483 252 810 799 016 208 897 146 88;
  • 45) 0.667 711 345 130 408 483 252 810 799 016 208 897 146 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.335 422 690 260 816 966 505 621 598 032 417 794 293 76;
  • 46) 0.335 422 690 260 816 966 505 621 598 032 417 794 293 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 845 380 521 633 933 011 243 196 064 835 588 587 52;
  • 47) 0.670 845 380 521 633 933 011 243 196 064 835 588 587 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 690 761 043 267 866 022 486 392 129 671 177 175 04;
  • 48) 0.341 690 761 043 267 866 022 486 392 129 671 177 175 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.683 381 522 086 535 732 044 972 784 259 342 354 350 08;
  • 49) 0.683 381 522 086 535 732 044 972 784 259 342 354 350 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.366 763 044 173 071 464 089 945 568 518 684 708 700 16;
  • 50) 0.366 763 044 173 071 464 089 945 568 518 684 708 700 16 × 2 = 0 + 0.733 526 088 346 142 928 179 891 137 037 369 417 400 32;
  • 51) 0.733 526 088 346 142 928 179 891 137 037 369 417 400 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.467 052 176 692 285 856 359 782 274 074 738 834 800 64;
  • 52) 0.467 052 176 692 285 856 359 782 274 074 738 834 800 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.934 104 353 384 571 712 719 564 548 149 477 669 601 28;
  • 53) 0.934 104 353 384 571 712 719 564 548 149 477 669 601 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.868 208 706 769 143 425 439 129 096 298 955 339 202 56;
  • 54) 0.868 208 706 769 143 425 439 129 096 298 955 339 202 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.736 417 413 538 286 850 878 258 192 597 910 678 405 12;
  • 55) 0.736 417 413 538 286 850 878 258 192 597 910 678 405 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.472 834 827 076 573 701 756 516 385 195 821 356 810 24;
  • 56) 0.472 834 827 076 573 701 756 516 385 195 821 356 810 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.945 669 654 153 147 403 513 032 770 391 642 713 620 48;
  • 57) 0.945 669 654 153 147 403 513 032 770 391 642 713 620 48 × 2 = 1 + 0.891 339 308 306 294 807 026 065 540 783 285 427 240 96;
  • 58) 0.891 339 308 306 294 807 026 065 540 783 285 427 240 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.782 678 616 612 589 614 052 131 081 566 570 854 481 92;
  • 59) 0.782 678 616 612 589 614 052 131 081 566 570 854 481 92 × 2 = 1 + 0.565 357 233 225 179 228 104 262 163 133 141 708 963 84;
  • 60) 0.565 357 233 225 179 228 104 262 163 133 141 708 963 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 714 466 450 358 456 208 524 326 266 283 417 927 68;
  • 61) 0.130 714 466 450 358 456 208 524 326 266 283 417 927 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.261 428 932 900 716 912 417 048 652 532 566 835 855 36;
  • 62) 0.261 428 932 900 716 912 417 048 652 532 566 835 855 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.522 857 865 801 433 824 834 097 305 065 133 671 710 72;
  • 63) 0.522 857 865 801 433 824 834 097 305 065 133 671 710 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.045 715 731 602 867 649 668 194 610 130 267 343 421 44;
  • 64) 0.045 715 731 602 867 649 668 194 610 130 267 343 421 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.091 431 463 205 735 299 336 389 220 260 534 686 842 88;
  • 65) 0.091 431 463 205 735 299 336 389 220 260 534 686 842 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.182 862 926 411 470 598 672 778 440 521 069 373 685 76;
  • 66) 0.182 862 926 411 470 598 672 778 440 521 069 373 685 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.365 725 852 822 941 197 345 556 881 042 138 747 371 52;
  • 67) 0.365 725 852 822 941 197 345 556 881 042 138 747 371 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 451 705 645 882 394 691 113 762 084 277 494 743 04;
  • 68) 0.731 451 705 645 882 394 691 113 762 084 277 494 743 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.462 903 411 291 764 789 382 227 524 168 554 989 486 08;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 615 93(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 615 93(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 16 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 615 93(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 20 =

1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 2-16


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -16

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-16 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-16 + 1 023)(10) =

1 007(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 007 ÷ 2 = 503 + 1;
  • 503 ÷ 2 = 251 + 1;
  • 251 ÷ 2 = 125 + 1;
  • 125 ÷ 2 = 62 + 1;
  • 62 ÷ 2 = 31 + 0;
  • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

1007(10) =

011 1110 1111(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001 =

0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1110 1111

Mantissa (52 bits) =
0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


Decimal number 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 615 93 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1110 1111 - 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100