0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 601 1 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 601 1(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 601 1(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 601 1.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 601 1 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 309 019 321 202 2;
  • 2) 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 309 019 321 202 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 618 038 642 404 4;
  • 3) 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 618 038 642 404 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 236 077 284 808 8;
  • 4) 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 236 077 284 808 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 986 472 154 569 617 6;
  • 5) 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 986 472 154 569 617 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 972 944 309 139 235 2;
  • 6) 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 972 944 309 139 235 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 945 888 618 278 470 4;
  • 7) 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 945 888 618 278 470 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 891 777 236 556 940 8;
  • 8) 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 891 777 236 556 940 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 783 554 473 113 881 6;
  • 9) 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 783 554 473 113 881 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 567 108 946 227 763 2;
  • 10) 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 567 108 946 227 763 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 134 217 892 455 526 4;
  • 11) 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 134 217 892 455 526 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 268 435 784 911 052 8;
  • 12) 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 268 435 784 911 052 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 536 871 569 822 105 6;
  • 13) 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 536 871 569 822 105 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 073 743 139 644 211 2;
  • 14) 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 073 743 139 644 211 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 826 147 486 279 288 422 4;
  • 15) 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 826 147 486 279 288 422 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 652 294 972 558 576 844 8;
  • 16) 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 652 294 972 558 576 844 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 304 589 945 117 153 689 6;
  • 17) 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 304 589 945 117 153 689 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 609 179 890 234 307 379 2;
  • 18) 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 609 179 890 234 307 379 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 218 359 780 468 614 758 4;
  • 19) 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 218 359 780 468 614 758 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 436 719 560 937 229 516 8;
  • 20) 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 436 719 560 937 229 516 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 873 439 121 874 459 033 6;
  • 21) 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 873 439 121 874 459 033 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 746 878 243 748 918 067 2;
  • 22) 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 746 878 243 748 918 067 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 493 756 487 497 836 134 4;
  • 23) 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 493 756 487 497 836 134 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 094 987 512 974 995 672 268 8;
  • 24) 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 094 987 512 974 995 672 268 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 189 975 025 949 991 344 537 6;
  • 25) 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 189 975 025 949 991 344 537 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 379 950 051 899 982 689 075 2;
  • 26) 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 379 950 051 899 982 689 075 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 759 900 103 799 965 378 150 4;
  • 27) 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 759 900 103 799 965 378 150 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 519 800 207 599 930 756 300 8;
  • 28) 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 519 800 207 599 930 756 300 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 039 600 415 199 861 512 601 6;
  • 29) 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 039 600 415 199 861 512 601 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 079 200 830 399 723 025 203 2;
  • 30) 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 079 200 830 399 723 025 203 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 158 401 660 799 446 050 406 4;
  • 31) 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 158 401 660 799 446 050 406 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 316 803 321 598 892 100 812 8;
  • 32) 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 316 803 321 598 892 100 812 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 633 606 643 197 784 201 625 6;
  • 33) 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 633 606 643 197 784 201 625 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 267 213 286 395 568 403 251 2;
  • 34) 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 267 213 286 395 568 403 251 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.204 753 624 360 478 914 534 426 572 791 136 806 502 4;
  • 35) 0.204 753 624 360 478 914 534 426 572 791 136 806 502 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.409 507 248 720 957 829 068 853 145 582 273 613 004 8;
  • 36) 0.409 507 248 720 957 829 068 853 145 582 273 613 004 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.819 014 497 441 915 658 137 706 291 164 547 226 009 6;
  • 37) 0.819 014 497 441 915 658 137 706 291 164 547 226 009 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.638 028 994 883 831 316 275 412 582 329 094 452 019 2;
  • 38) 0.638 028 994 883 831 316 275 412 582 329 094 452 019 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.276 057 989 767 662 632 550 825 164 658 188 904 038 4;
  • 39) 0.276 057 989 767 662 632 550 825 164 658 188 904 038 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.552 115 979 535 325 265 101 650 329 316 377 808 076 8;
  • 40) 0.552 115 979 535 325 265 101 650 329 316 377 808 076 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.104 231 959 070 650 530 203 300 658 632 755 616 153 6;
  • 41) 0.104 231 959 070 650 530 203 300 658 632 755 616 153 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.208 463 918 141 301 060 406 601 317 265 511 232 307 2;
  • 42) 0.208 463 918 141 301 060 406 601 317 265 511 232 307 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.416 927 836 282 602 120 813 202 634 531 022 464 614 4;
  • 43) 0.416 927 836 282 602 120 813 202 634 531 022 464 614 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.833 855 672 565 204 241 626 405 269 062 044 929 228 8;
  • 44) 0.833 855 672 565 204 241 626 405 269 062 044 929 228 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.667 711 345 130 408 483 252 810 538 124 089 858 457 6;
  • 45) 0.667 711 345 130 408 483 252 810 538 124 089 858 457 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.335 422 690 260 816 966 505 621 076 248 179 716 915 2;
  • 46) 0.335 422 690 260 816 966 505 621 076 248 179 716 915 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 845 380 521 633 933 011 242 152 496 359 433 830 4;
  • 47) 0.670 845 380 521 633 933 011 242 152 496 359 433 830 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 690 761 043 267 866 022 484 304 992 718 867 660 8;
  • 48) 0.341 690 761 043 267 866 022 484 304 992 718 867 660 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.683 381 522 086 535 732 044 968 609 985 437 735 321 6;
  • 49) 0.683 381 522 086 535 732 044 968 609 985 437 735 321 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.366 763 044 173 071 464 089 937 219 970 875 470 643 2;
  • 50) 0.366 763 044 173 071 464 089 937 219 970 875 470 643 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.733 526 088 346 142 928 179 874 439 941 750 941 286 4;
  • 51) 0.733 526 088 346 142 928 179 874 439 941 750 941 286 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.467 052 176 692 285 856 359 748 879 883 501 882 572 8;
  • 52) 0.467 052 176 692 285 856 359 748 879 883 501 882 572 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.934 104 353 384 571 712 719 497 759 767 003 765 145 6;
  • 53) 0.934 104 353 384 571 712 719 497 759 767 003 765 145 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.868 208 706 769 143 425 438 995 519 534 007 530 291 2;
  • 54) 0.868 208 706 769 143 425 438 995 519 534 007 530 291 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.736 417 413 538 286 850 877 991 039 068 015 060 582 4;
  • 55) 0.736 417 413 538 286 850 877 991 039 068 015 060 582 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.472 834 827 076 573 701 755 982 078 136 030 121 164 8;
  • 56) 0.472 834 827 076 573 701 755 982 078 136 030 121 164 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.945 669 654 153 147 403 511 964 156 272 060 242 329 6;
  • 57) 0.945 669 654 153 147 403 511 964 156 272 060 242 329 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.891 339 308 306 294 807 023 928 312 544 120 484 659 2;
  • 58) 0.891 339 308 306 294 807 023 928 312 544 120 484 659 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.782 678 616 612 589 614 047 856 625 088 240 969 318 4;
  • 59) 0.782 678 616 612 589 614 047 856 625 088 240 969 318 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.565 357 233 225 179 228 095 713 250 176 481 938 636 8;
  • 60) 0.565 357 233 225 179 228 095 713 250 176 481 938 636 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 714 466 450 358 456 191 426 500 352 963 877 273 6;
  • 61) 0.130 714 466 450 358 456 191 426 500 352 963 877 273 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.261 428 932 900 716 912 382 853 000 705 927 754 547 2;
  • 62) 0.261 428 932 900 716 912 382 853 000 705 927 754 547 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.522 857 865 801 433 824 765 706 001 411 855 509 094 4;
  • 63) 0.522 857 865 801 433 824 765 706 001 411 855 509 094 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.045 715 731 602 867 649 531 412 002 823 711 018 188 8;
  • 64) 0.045 715 731 602 867 649 531 412 002 823 711 018 188 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.091 431 463 205 735 299 062 824 005 647 422 036 377 6;
  • 65) 0.091 431 463 205 735 299 062 824 005 647 422 036 377 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.182 862 926 411 470 598 125 648 011 294 844 072 755 2;
  • 66) 0.182 862 926 411 470 598 125 648 011 294 844 072 755 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.365 725 852 822 941 196 251 296 022 589 688 145 510 4;
  • 67) 0.365 725 852 822 941 196 251 296 022 589 688 145 510 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 451 705 645 882 392 502 592 045 179 376 291 020 8;
  • 68) 0.731 451 705 645 882 392 502 592 045 179 376 291 020 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.462 903 411 291 764 785 005 184 090 358 752 582 041 6;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 601 1(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 601 1(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 16 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 601 1(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 20 =

1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 2-16


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -16

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-16 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-16 + 1 023)(10) =

1 007(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 007 ÷ 2 = 503 + 1;
  • 503 ÷ 2 = 251 + 1;
  • 251 ÷ 2 = 125 + 1;
  • 125 ÷ 2 = 62 + 1;
  • 62 ÷ 2 = 31 + 0;
  • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

1007(10) =

011 1110 1111(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001 =

0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1110 1111

Mantissa (52 bits) =
0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


Decimal number 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 601 1 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1110 1111 - 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100