0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 531 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 531(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 531(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 531.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 531 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 309 019 321 062;
  • 2) 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 309 019 321 062 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 618 038 642 124;
  • 3) 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 618 038 642 124 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 236 077 284 248;
  • 4) 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 236 077 284 248 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 986 472 154 568 496;
  • 5) 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 986 472 154 568 496 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 972 944 309 136 992;
  • 6) 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 972 944 309 136 992 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 945 888 618 273 984;
  • 7) 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 945 888 618 273 984 × 2 = 0 + 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 891 777 236 547 968;
  • 8) 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 891 777 236 547 968 × 2 = 0 + 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 783 554 473 095 936;
  • 9) 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 783 554 473 095 936 × 2 = 0 + 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 567 108 946 191 872;
  • 10) 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 567 108 946 191 872 × 2 = 0 + 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 134 217 892 383 744;
  • 11) 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 134 217 892 383 744 × 2 = 0 + 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 268 435 784 767 488;
  • 12) 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 268 435 784 767 488 × 2 = 0 + 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 536 871 569 534 976;
  • 13) 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 536 871 569 534 976 × 2 = 0 + 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 073 743 139 069 952;
  • 14) 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 073 743 139 069 952 × 2 = 0 + 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 826 147 486 278 139 904;
  • 15) 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 826 147 486 278 139 904 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 652 294 972 556 279 808;
  • 16) 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 652 294 972 556 279 808 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 304 589 945 112 559 616;
  • 17) 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 304 589 945 112 559 616 × 2 = 0 + 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 609 179 890 225 119 232;
  • 18) 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 609 179 890 225 119 232 × 2 = 1 + 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 218 359 780 450 238 464;
  • 19) 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 218 359 780 450 238 464 × 2 = 0 + 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 436 719 560 900 476 928;
  • 20) 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 436 719 560 900 476 928 × 2 = 1 + 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 873 439 121 800 953 856;
  • 21) 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 873 439 121 800 953 856 × 2 = 1 + 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 746 878 243 601 907 712;
  • 22) 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 746 878 243 601 907 712 × 2 = 1 + 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 493 756 487 203 815 424;
  • 23) 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 493 756 487 203 815 424 × 2 = 0 + 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 094 987 512 974 407 630 848;
  • 24) 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 094 987 512 974 407 630 848 × 2 = 1 + 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 189 975 025 948 815 261 696;
  • 25) 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 189 975 025 948 815 261 696 × 2 = 0 + 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 379 950 051 897 630 523 392;
  • 26) 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 379 950 051 897 630 523 392 × 2 = 1 + 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 759 900 103 795 261 046 784;
  • 27) 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 759 900 103 795 261 046 784 × 2 = 1 + 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 519 800 207 590 522 093 568;
  • 28) 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 519 800 207 590 522 093 568 × 2 = 1 + 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 039 600 415 181 044 187 136;
  • 29) 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 039 600 415 181 044 187 136 × 2 = 1 + 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 079 200 830 362 088 374 272;
  • 30) 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 079 200 830 362 088 374 272 × 2 = 0 + 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 158 401 660 724 176 748 544;
  • 31) 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 158 401 660 724 176 748 544 × 2 = 1 + 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 316 803 321 448 353 497 088;
  • 32) 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 316 803 321 448 353 497 088 × 2 = 1 + 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 633 606 642 896 706 994 176;
  • 33) 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 633 606 642 896 706 994 176 × 2 = 0 + 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 267 213 285 793 413 988 352;
  • 34) 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 267 213 285 793 413 988 352 × 2 = 1 + 0.204 753 624 360 478 914 534 426 571 586 827 976 704;
  • 35) 0.204 753 624 360 478 914 534 426 571 586 827 976 704 × 2 = 0 + 0.409 507 248 720 957 829 068 853 143 173 655 953 408;
  • 36) 0.409 507 248 720 957 829 068 853 143 173 655 953 408 × 2 = 0 + 0.819 014 497 441 915 658 137 706 286 347 311 906 816;
  • 37) 0.819 014 497 441 915 658 137 706 286 347 311 906 816 × 2 = 1 + 0.638 028 994 883 831 316 275 412 572 694 623 813 632;
  • 38) 0.638 028 994 883 831 316 275 412 572 694 623 813 632 × 2 = 1 + 0.276 057 989 767 662 632 550 825 145 389 247 627 264;
  • 39) 0.276 057 989 767 662 632 550 825 145 389 247 627 264 × 2 = 0 + 0.552 115 979 535 325 265 101 650 290 778 495 254 528;
  • 40) 0.552 115 979 535 325 265 101 650 290 778 495 254 528 × 2 = 1 + 0.104 231 959 070 650 530 203 300 581 556 990 509 056;
  • 41) 0.104 231 959 070 650 530 203 300 581 556 990 509 056 × 2 = 0 + 0.208 463 918 141 301 060 406 601 163 113 981 018 112;
  • 42) 0.208 463 918 141 301 060 406 601 163 113 981 018 112 × 2 = 0 + 0.416 927 836 282 602 120 813 202 326 227 962 036 224;
  • 43) 0.416 927 836 282 602 120 813 202 326 227 962 036 224 × 2 = 0 + 0.833 855 672 565 204 241 626 404 652 455 924 072 448;
  • 44) 0.833 855 672 565 204 241 626 404 652 455 924 072 448 × 2 = 1 + 0.667 711 345 130 408 483 252 809 304 911 848 144 896;
  • 45) 0.667 711 345 130 408 483 252 809 304 911 848 144 896 × 2 = 1 + 0.335 422 690 260 816 966 505 618 609 823 696 289 792;
  • 46) 0.335 422 690 260 816 966 505 618 609 823 696 289 792 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 845 380 521 633 933 011 237 219 647 392 579 584;
  • 47) 0.670 845 380 521 633 933 011 237 219 647 392 579 584 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 690 761 043 267 866 022 474 439 294 785 159 168;
  • 48) 0.341 690 761 043 267 866 022 474 439 294 785 159 168 × 2 = 0 + 0.683 381 522 086 535 732 044 948 878 589 570 318 336;
  • 49) 0.683 381 522 086 535 732 044 948 878 589 570 318 336 × 2 = 1 + 0.366 763 044 173 071 464 089 897 757 179 140 636 672;
  • 50) 0.366 763 044 173 071 464 089 897 757 179 140 636 672 × 2 = 0 + 0.733 526 088 346 142 928 179 795 514 358 281 273 344;
  • 51) 0.733 526 088 346 142 928 179 795 514 358 281 273 344 × 2 = 1 + 0.467 052 176 692 285 856 359 591 028 716 562 546 688;
  • 52) 0.467 052 176 692 285 856 359 591 028 716 562 546 688 × 2 = 0 + 0.934 104 353 384 571 712 719 182 057 433 125 093 376;
  • 53) 0.934 104 353 384 571 712 719 182 057 433 125 093 376 × 2 = 1 + 0.868 208 706 769 143 425 438 364 114 866 250 186 752;
  • 54) 0.868 208 706 769 143 425 438 364 114 866 250 186 752 × 2 = 1 + 0.736 417 413 538 286 850 876 728 229 732 500 373 504;
  • 55) 0.736 417 413 538 286 850 876 728 229 732 500 373 504 × 2 = 1 + 0.472 834 827 076 573 701 753 456 459 465 000 747 008;
  • 56) 0.472 834 827 076 573 701 753 456 459 465 000 747 008 × 2 = 0 + 0.945 669 654 153 147 403 506 912 918 930 001 494 016;
  • 57) 0.945 669 654 153 147 403 506 912 918 930 001 494 016 × 2 = 1 + 0.891 339 308 306 294 807 013 825 837 860 002 988 032;
  • 58) 0.891 339 308 306 294 807 013 825 837 860 002 988 032 × 2 = 1 + 0.782 678 616 612 589 614 027 651 675 720 005 976 064;
  • 59) 0.782 678 616 612 589 614 027 651 675 720 005 976 064 × 2 = 1 + 0.565 357 233 225 179 228 055 303 351 440 011 952 128;
  • 60) 0.565 357 233 225 179 228 055 303 351 440 011 952 128 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 714 466 450 358 456 110 606 702 880 023 904 256;
  • 61) 0.130 714 466 450 358 456 110 606 702 880 023 904 256 × 2 = 0 + 0.261 428 932 900 716 912 221 213 405 760 047 808 512;
  • 62) 0.261 428 932 900 716 912 221 213 405 760 047 808 512 × 2 = 0 + 0.522 857 865 801 433 824 442 426 811 520 095 617 024;
  • 63) 0.522 857 865 801 433 824 442 426 811 520 095 617 024 × 2 = 1 + 0.045 715 731 602 867 648 884 853 623 040 191 234 048;
  • 64) 0.045 715 731 602 867 648 884 853 623 040 191 234 048 × 2 = 0 + 0.091 431 463 205 735 297 769 707 246 080 382 468 096;
  • 65) 0.091 431 463 205 735 297 769 707 246 080 382 468 096 × 2 = 0 + 0.182 862 926 411 470 595 539 414 492 160 764 936 192;
  • 66) 0.182 862 926 411 470 595 539 414 492 160 764 936 192 × 2 = 0 + 0.365 725 852 822 941 191 078 828 984 321 529 872 384;
  • 67) 0.365 725 852 822 941 191 078 828 984 321 529 872 384 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 451 705 645 882 382 157 657 968 643 059 744 768;
  • 68) 0.731 451 705 645 882 382 157 657 968 643 059 744 768 × 2 = 1 + 0.462 903 411 291 764 764 315 315 937 286 119 489 536;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 531(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 531(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 16 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 531(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 20 =

1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 2-16


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -16

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-16 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-16 + 1 023)(10) =

1 007(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 007 ÷ 2 = 503 + 1;
  • 503 ÷ 2 = 251 + 1;
  • 251 ÷ 2 = 125 + 1;
  • 125 ÷ 2 = 62 + 1;
  • 62 ÷ 2 = 31 + 0;
  • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

1007(10) =

011 1110 1111(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001 =

0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1110 1111

Mantissa (52 bits) =
0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


Decimal number 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 660 531 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1110 1111 - 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100