0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 646 3 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 646 3(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 646 3(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 646 3.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 646 3 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 309 019 292 6;
  • 2) 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 309 019 292 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 618 038 585 2;
  • 3) 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 618 038 585 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 236 077 170 4;
  • 4) 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 236 077 170 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 986 472 154 340 8;
  • 5) 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 986 472 154 340 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 972 944 308 681 6;
  • 6) 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 972 944 308 681 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 945 888 617 363 2;
  • 7) 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 945 888 617 363 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 891 777 234 726 4;
  • 8) 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 891 777 234 726 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 783 554 469 452 8;
  • 9) 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 783 554 469 452 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 567 108 938 905 6;
  • 10) 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 567 108 938 905 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 134 217 877 811 2;
  • 11) 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 134 217 877 811 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 268 435 755 622 4;
  • 12) 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 268 435 755 622 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 536 871 511 244 8;
  • 13) 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 536 871 511 244 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 073 743 022 489 6;
  • 14) 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 073 743 022 489 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 826 147 486 044 979 2;
  • 15) 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 826 147 486 044 979 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 652 294 972 089 958 4;
  • 16) 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 652 294 972 089 958 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 304 589 944 179 916 8;
  • 17) 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 304 589 944 179 916 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 609 179 888 359 833 6;
  • 18) 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 609 179 888 359 833 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 218 359 776 719 667 2;
  • 19) 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 218 359 776 719 667 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 436 719 553 439 334 4;
  • 20) 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 436 719 553 439 334 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 873 439 106 878 668 8;
  • 21) 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 873 439 106 878 668 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 746 878 213 757 337 6;
  • 22) 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 746 878 213 757 337 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 493 756 427 514 675 2;
  • 23) 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 493 756 427 514 675 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 094 987 512 855 029 350 4;
  • 24) 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 094 987 512 855 029 350 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 189 975 025 710 058 700 8;
  • 25) 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 189 975 025 710 058 700 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 379 950 051 420 117 401 6;
  • 26) 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 379 950 051 420 117 401 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 759 900 102 840 234 803 2;
  • 27) 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 759 900 102 840 234 803 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 519 800 205 680 469 606 4;
  • 28) 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 519 800 205 680 469 606 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 039 600 411 360 939 212 8;
  • 29) 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 039 600 411 360 939 212 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 079 200 822 721 878 425 6;
  • 30) 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 079 200 822 721 878 425 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 158 401 645 443 756 851 2;
  • 31) 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 158 401 645 443 756 851 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 316 803 290 887 513 702 4;
  • 32) 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 316 803 290 887 513 702 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 633 606 581 775 027 404 8;
  • 33) 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 633 606 581 775 027 404 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 267 213 163 550 054 809 6;
  • 34) 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 267 213 163 550 054 809 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.204 753 624 360 478 914 534 426 327 100 109 619 2;
  • 35) 0.204 753 624 360 478 914 534 426 327 100 109 619 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.409 507 248 720 957 829 068 852 654 200 219 238 4;
  • 36) 0.409 507 248 720 957 829 068 852 654 200 219 238 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.819 014 497 441 915 658 137 705 308 400 438 476 8;
  • 37) 0.819 014 497 441 915 658 137 705 308 400 438 476 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.638 028 994 883 831 316 275 410 616 800 876 953 6;
  • 38) 0.638 028 994 883 831 316 275 410 616 800 876 953 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.276 057 989 767 662 632 550 821 233 601 753 907 2;
  • 39) 0.276 057 989 767 662 632 550 821 233 601 753 907 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.552 115 979 535 325 265 101 642 467 203 507 814 4;
  • 40) 0.552 115 979 535 325 265 101 642 467 203 507 814 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.104 231 959 070 650 530 203 284 934 407 015 628 8;
  • 41) 0.104 231 959 070 650 530 203 284 934 407 015 628 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.208 463 918 141 301 060 406 569 868 814 031 257 6;
  • 42) 0.208 463 918 141 301 060 406 569 868 814 031 257 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.416 927 836 282 602 120 813 139 737 628 062 515 2;
  • 43) 0.416 927 836 282 602 120 813 139 737 628 062 515 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.833 855 672 565 204 241 626 279 475 256 125 030 4;
  • 44) 0.833 855 672 565 204 241 626 279 475 256 125 030 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.667 711 345 130 408 483 252 558 950 512 250 060 8;
  • 45) 0.667 711 345 130 408 483 252 558 950 512 250 060 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.335 422 690 260 816 966 505 117 901 024 500 121 6;
  • 46) 0.335 422 690 260 816 966 505 117 901 024 500 121 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 845 380 521 633 933 010 235 802 049 000 243 2;
  • 47) 0.670 845 380 521 633 933 010 235 802 049 000 243 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 690 761 043 267 866 020 471 604 098 000 486 4;
  • 48) 0.341 690 761 043 267 866 020 471 604 098 000 486 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.683 381 522 086 535 732 040 943 208 196 000 972 8;
  • 49) 0.683 381 522 086 535 732 040 943 208 196 000 972 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.366 763 044 173 071 464 081 886 416 392 001 945 6;
  • 50) 0.366 763 044 173 071 464 081 886 416 392 001 945 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.733 526 088 346 142 928 163 772 832 784 003 891 2;
  • 51) 0.733 526 088 346 142 928 163 772 832 784 003 891 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.467 052 176 692 285 856 327 545 665 568 007 782 4;
  • 52) 0.467 052 176 692 285 856 327 545 665 568 007 782 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.934 104 353 384 571 712 655 091 331 136 015 564 8;
  • 53) 0.934 104 353 384 571 712 655 091 331 136 015 564 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.868 208 706 769 143 425 310 182 662 272 031 129 6;
  • 54) 0.868 208 706 769 143 425 310 182 662 272 031 129 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.736 417 413 538 286 850 620 365 324 544 062 259 2;
  • 55) 0.736 417 413 538 286 850 620 365 324 544 062 259 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.472 834 827 076 573 701 240 730 649 088 124 518 4;
  • 56) 0.472 834 827 076 573 701 240 730 649 088 124 518 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.945 669 654 153 147 402 481 461 298 176 249 036 8;
  • 57) 0.945 669 654 153 147 402 481 461 298 176 249 036 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.891 339 308 306 294 804 962 922 596 352 498 073 6;
  • 58) 0.891 339 308 306 294 804 962 922 596 352 498 073 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.782 678 616 612 589 609 925 845 192 704 996 147 2;
  • 59) 0.782 678 616 612 589 609 925 845 192 704 996 147 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.565 357 233 225 179 219 851 690 385 409 992 294 4;
  • 60) 0.565 357 233 225 179 219 851 690 385 409 992 294 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 714 466 450 358 439 703 380 770 819 984 588 8;
  • 61) 0.130 714 466 450 358 439 703 380 770 819 984 588 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.261 428 932 900 716 879 406 761 541 639 969 177 6;
  • 62) 0.261 428 932 900 716 879 406 761 541 639 969 177 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.522 857 865 801 433 758 813 523 083 279 938 355 2;
  • 63) 0.522 857 865 801 433 758 813 523 083 279 938 355 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.045 715 731 602 867 517 627 046 166 559 876 710 4;
  • 64) 0.045 715 731 602 867 517 627 046 166 559 876 710 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.091 431 463 205 735 035 254 092 333 119 753 420 8;
  • 65) 0.091 431 463 205 735 035 254 092 333 119 753 420 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.182 862 926 411 470 070 508 184 666 239 506 841 6;
  • 66) 0.182 862 926 411 470 070 508 184 666 239 506 841 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.365 725 852 822 940 141 016 369 332 479 013 683 2;
  • 67) 0.365 725 852 822 940 141 016 369 332 479 013 683 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 451 705 645 880 282 032 738 664 958 027 366 4;
  • 68) 0.731 451 705 645 880 282 032 738 664 958 027 366 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.462 903 411 291 760 564 065 477 329 916 054 732 8;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 646 3(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 646 3(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 16 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 646 3(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 20 =

1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 2-16


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -16

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-16 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-16 + 1 023)(10) =

1 007(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 007 ÷ 2 = 503 + 1;
  • 503 ÷ 2 = 251 + 1;
  • 251 ÷ 2 = 125 + 1;
  • 125 ÷ 2 = 62 + 1;
  • 62 ÷ 2 = 31 + 0;
  • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

1007(10) =

011 1110 1111(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001 =

0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1110 1111

Mantissa (52 bits) =
0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


Decimal number 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 646 3 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1110 1111 - 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100