0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 608 1 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 608 1(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 608 1(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 608 1.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 608 1 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 309 019 216 2;
  • 2) 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 309 019 216 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 618 038 432 4;
  • 3) 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 618 038 432 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 236 076 864 8;
  • 4) 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 236 076 864 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 986 472 153 729 6;
  • 5) 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 986 472 153 729 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 972 944 307 459 2;
  • 6) 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 972 944 307 459 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 945 888 614 918 4;
  • 7) 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 945 888 614 918 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 891 777 229 836 8;
  • 8) 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 891 777 229 836 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 783 554 459 673 6;
  • 9) 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 783 554 459 673 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 567 108 919 347 2;
  • 10) 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 567 108 919 347 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 134 217 838 694 4;
  • 11) 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 134 217 838 694 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 268 435 677 388 8;
  • 12) 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 268 435 677 388 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 536 871 354 777 6;
  • 13) 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 536 871 354 777 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 073 742 709 555 2;
  • 14) 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 073 742 709 555 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 826 147 485 419 110 4;
  • 15) 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 826 147 485 419 110 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 652 294 970 838 220 8;
  • 16) 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 652 294 970 838 220 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 304 589 941 676 441 6;
  • 17) 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 304 589 941 676 441 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 609 179 883 352 883 2;
  • 18) 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 609 179 883 352 883 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 218 359 766 705 766 4;
  • 19) 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 218 359 766 705 766 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 436 719 533 411 532 8;
  • 20) 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 436 719 533 411 532 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 873 439 066 823 065 6;
  • 21) 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 873 439 066 823 065 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 746 878 133 646 131 2;
  • 22) 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 746 878 133 646 131 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 493 756 267 292 262 4;
  • 23) 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 493 756 267 292 262 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 094 987 512 534 584 524 8;
  • 24) 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 094 987 512 534 584 524 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 189 975 025 069 169 049 6;
  • 25) 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 189 975 025 069 169 049 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 379 950 050 138 338 099 2;
  • 26) 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 379 950 050 138 338 099 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 759 900 100 276 676 198 4;
  • 27) 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 759 900 100 276 676 198 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 519 800 200 553 352 396 8;
  • 28) 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 519 800 200 553 352 396 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 039 600 401 106 704 793 6;
  • 29) 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 039 600 401 106 704 793 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 079 200 802 213 409 587 2;
  • 30) 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 079 200 802 213 409 587 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 158 401 604 426 819 174 4;
  • 31) 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 158 401 604 426 819 174 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 316 803 208 853 638 348 8;
  • 32) 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 316 803 208 853 638 348 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 633 606 417 707 276 697 6;
  • 33) 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 633 606 417 707 276 697 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 267 212 835 414 553 395 2;
  • 34) 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 267 212 835 414 553 395 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.204 753 624 360 478 914 534 425 670 829 106 790 4;
  • 35) 0.204 753 624 360 478 914 534 425 670 829 106 790 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.409 507 248 720 957 829 068 851 341 658 213 580 8;
  • 36) 0.409 507 248 720 957 829 068 851 341 658 213 580 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.819 014 497 441 915 658 137 702 683 316 427 161 6;
  • 37) 0.819 014 497 441 915 658 137 702 683 316 427 161 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.638 028 994 883 831 316 275 405 366 632 854 323 2;
  • 38) 0.638 028 994 883 831 316 275 405 366 632 854 323 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.276 057 989 767 662 632 550 810 733 265 708 646 4;
  • 39) 0.276 057 989 767 662 632 550 810 733 265 708 646 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.552 115 979 535 325 265 101 621 466 531 417 292 8;
  • 40) 0.552 115 979 535 325 265 101 621 466 531 417 292 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.104 231 959 070 650 530 203 242 933 062 834 585 6;
  • 41) 0.104 231 959 070 650 530 203 242 933 062 834 585 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.208 463 918 141 301 060 406 485 866 125 669 171 2;
  • 42) 0.208 463 918 141 301 060 406 485 866 125 669 171 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.416 927 836 282 602 120 812 971 732 251 338 342 4;
  • 43) 0.416 927 836 282 602 120 812 971 732 251 338 342 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.833 855 672 565 204 241 625 943 464 502 676 684 8;
  • 44) 0.833 855 672 565 204 241 625 943 464 502 676 684 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.667 711 345 130 408 483 251 886 929 005 353 369 6;
  • 45) 0.667 711 345 130 408 483 251 886 929 005 353 369 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.335 422 690 260 816 966 503 773 858 010 706 739 2;
  • 46) 0.335 422 690 260 816 966 503 773 858 010 706 739 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 845 380 521 633 933 007 547 716 021 413 478 4;
  • 47) 0.670 845 380 521 633 933 007 547 716 021 413 478 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 690 761 043 267 866 015 095 432 042 826 956 8;
  • 48) 0.341 690 761 043 267 866 015 095 432 042 826 956 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.683 381 522 086 535 732 030 190 864 085 653 913 6;
  • 49) 0.683 381 522 086 535 732 030 190 864 085 653 913 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.366 763 044 173 071 464 060 381 728 171 307 827 2;
  • 50) 0.366 763 044 173 071 464 060 381 728 171 307 827 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.733 526 088 346 142 928 120 763 456 342 615 654 4;
  • 51) 0.733 526 088 346 142 928 120 763 456 342 615 654 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.467 052 176 692 285 856 241 526 912 685 231 308 8;
  • 52) 0.467 052 176 692 285 856 241 526 912 685 231 308 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.934 104 353 384 571 712 483 053 825 370 462 617 6;
  • 53) 0.934 104 353 384 571 712 483 053 825 370 462 617 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.868 208 706 769 143 424 966 107 650 740 925 235 2;
  • 54) 0.868 208 706 769 143 424 966 107 650 740 925 235 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.736 417 413 538 286 849 932 215 301 481 850 470 4;
  • 55) 0.736 417 413 538 286 849 932 215 301 481 850 470 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.472 834 827 076 573 699 864 430 602 963 700 940 8;
  • 56) 0.472 834 827 076 573 699 864 430 602 963 700 940 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.945 669 654 153 147 399 728 861 205 927 401 881 6;
  • 57) 0.945 669 654 153 147 399 728 861 205 927 401 881 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.891 339 308 306 294 799 457 722 411 854 803 763 2;
  • 58) 0.891 339 308 306 294 799 457 722 411 854 803 763 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.782 678 616 612 589 598 915 444 823 709 607 526 4;
  • 59) 0.782 678 616 612 589 598 915 444 823 709 607 526 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.565 357 233 225 179 197 830 889 647 419 215 052 8;
  • 60) 0.565 357 233 225 179 197 830 889 647 419 215 052 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 714 466 450 358 395 661 779 294 838 430 105 6;
  • 61) 0.130 714 466 450 358 395 661 779 294 838 430 105 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.261 428 932 900 716 791 323 558 589 676 860 211 2;
  • 62) 0.261 428 932 900 716 791 323 558 589 676 860 211 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.522 857 865 801 433 582 647 117 179 353 720 422 4;
  • 63) 0.522 857 865 801 433 582 647 117 179 353 720 422 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.045 715 731 602 867 165 294 234 358 707 440 844 8;
  • 64) 0.045 715 731 602 867 165 294 234 358 707 440 844 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.091 431 463 205 734 330 588 468 717 414 881 689 6;
  • 65) 0.091 431 463 205 734 330 588 468 717 414 881 689 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.182 862 926 411 468 661 176 937 434 829 763 379 2;
  • 66) 0.182 862 926 411 468 661 176 937 434 829 763 379 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.365 725 852 822 937 322 353 874 869 659 526 758 4;
  • 67) 0.365 725 852 822 937 322 353 874 869 659 526 758 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 451 705 645 874 644 707 749 739 319 053 516 8;
  • 68) 0.731 451 705 645 874 644 707 749 739 319 053 516 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.462 903 411 291 749 289 415 499 478 638 107 033 6;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 608 1(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 608 1(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 16 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 608 1(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 20 =

1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 2-16


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -16

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-16 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-16 + 1 023)(10) =

1 007(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 007 ÷ 2 = 503 + 1;
  • 503 ÷ 2 = 251 + 1;
  • 251 ÷ 2 = 125 + 1;
  • 125 ÷ 2 = 62 + 1;
  • 62 ÷ 2 = 31 + 0;
  • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

1007(10) =

011 1110 1111(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001 =

0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1110 1111

Mantissa (52 bits) =
0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


Decimal number 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 608 1 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1110 1111 - 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100