0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 456 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 456(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 456(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 456.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 456 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 309 018 912;
  • 2) 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 309 018 912 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 618 037 824;
  • 3) 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 618 037 824 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 236 075 648;
  • 4) 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 236 075 648 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 986 472 151 296;
  • 5) 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 986 472 151 296 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 972 944 302 592;
  • 6) 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 972 944 302 592 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 945 888 605 184;
  • 7) 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 945 888 605 184 × 2 = 0 + 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 891 777 210 368;
  • 8) 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 891 777 210 368 × 2 = 0 + 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 783 554 420 736;
  • 9) 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 783 554 420 736 × 2 = 0 + 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 567 108 841 472;
  • 10) 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 567 108 841 472 × 2 = 0 + 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 134 217 682 944;
  • 11) 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 134 217 682 944 × 2 = 0 + 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 268 435 365 888;
  • 12) 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 268 435 365 888 × 2 = 0 + 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 536 870 731 776;
  • 13) 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 536 870 731 776 × 2 = 0 + 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 073 741 463 552;
  • 14) 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 073 741 463 552 × 2 = 0 + 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 826 147 482 927 104;
  • 15) 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 826 147 482 927 104 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 652 294 965 854 208;
  • 16) 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 652 294 965 854 208 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 304 589 931 708 416;
  • 17) 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 304 589 931 708 416 × 2 = 0 + 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 609 179 863 416 832;
  • 18) 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 609 179 863 416 832 × 2 = 1 + 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 218 359 726 833 664;
  • 19) 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 218 359 726 833 664 × 2 = 0 + 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 436 719 453 667 328;
  • 20) 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 436 719 453 667 328 × 2 = 1 + 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 873 438 907 334 656;
  • 21) 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 873 438 907 334 656 × 2 = 1 + 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 746 877 814 669 312;
  • 22) 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 746 877 814 669 312 × 2 = 1 + 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 493 755 629 338 624;
  • 23) 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 493 755 629 338 624 × 2 = 0 + 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 094 987 511 258 677 248;
  • 24) 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 094 987 511 258 677 248 × 2 = 1 + 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 189 975 022 517 354 496;
  • 25) 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 189 975 022 517 354 496 × 2 = 0 + 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 379 950 045 034 708 992;
  • 26) 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 379 950 045 034 708 992 × 2 = 1 + 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 759 900 090 069 417 984;
  • 27) 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 759 900 090 069 417 984 × 2 = 1 + 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 519 800 180 138 835 968;
  • 28) 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 519 800 180 138 835 968 × 2 = 1 + 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 039 600 360 277 671 936;
  • 29) 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 039 600 360 277 671 936 × 2 = 1 + 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 079 200 720 555 343 872;
  • 30) 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 079 200 720 555 343 872 × 2 = 0 + 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 158 401 441 110 687 744;
  • 31) 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 158 401 441 110 687 744 × 2 = 1 + 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 316 802 882 221 375 488;
  • 32) 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 316 802 882 221 375 488 × 2 = 1 + 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 633 605 764 442 750 976;
  • 33) 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 633 605 764 442 750 976 × 2 = 0 + 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 267 211 528 885 501 952;
  • 34) 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 267 211 528 885 501 952 × 2 = 1 + 0.204 753 624 360 478 914 534 423 057 771 003 904;
  • 35) 0.204 753 624 360 478 914 534 423 057 771 003 904 × 2 = 0 + 0.409 507 248 720 957 829 068 846 115 542 007 808;
  • 36) 0.409 507 248 720 957 829 068 846 115 542 007 808 × 2 = 0 + 0.819 014 497 441 915 658 137 692 231 084 015 616;
  • 37) 0.819 014 497 441 915 658 137 692 231 084 015 616 × 2 = 1 + 0.638 028 994 883 831 316 275 384 462 168 031 232;
  • 38) 0.638 028 994 883 831 316 275 384 462 168 031 232 × 2 = 1 + 0.276 057 989 767 662 632 550 768 924 336 062 464;
  • 39) 0.276 057 989 767 662 632 550 768 924 336 062 464 × 2 = 0 + 0.552 115 979 535 325 265 101 537 848 672 124 928;
  • 40) 0.552 115 979 535 325 265 101 537 848 672 124 928 × 2 = 1 + 0.104 231 959 070 650 530 203 075 697 344 249 856;
  • 41) 0.104 231 959 070 650 530 203 075 697 344 249 856 × 2 = 0 + 0.208 463 918 141 301 060 406 151 394 688 499 712;
  • 42) 0.208 463 918 141 301 060 406 151 394 688 499 712 × 2 = 0 + 0.416 927 836 282 602 120 812 302 789 376 999 424;
  • 43) 0.416 927 836 282 602 120 812 302 789 376 999 424 × 2 = 0 + 0.833 855 672 565 204 241 624 605 578 753 998 848;
  • 44) 0.833 855 672 565 204 241 624 605 578 753 998 848 × 2 = 1 + 0.667 711 345 130 408 483 249 211 157 507 997 696;
  • 45) 0.667 711 345 130 408 483 249 211 157 507 997 696 × 2 = 1 + 0.335 422 690 260 816 966 498 422 315 015 995 392;
  • 46) 0.335 422 690 260 816 966 498 422 315 015 995 392 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 845 380 521 633 932 996 844 630 031 990 784;
  • 47) 0.670 845 380 521 633 932 996 844 630 031 990 784 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 690 761 043 267 865 993 689 260 063 981 568;
  • 48) 0.341 690 761 043 267 865 993 689 260 063 981 568 × 2 = 0 + 0.683 381 522 086 535 731 987 378 520 127 963 136;
  • 49) 0.683 381 522 086 535 731 987 378 520 127 963 136 × 2 = 1 + 0.366 763 044 173 071 463 974 757 040 255 926 272;
  • 50) 0.366 763 044 173 071 463 974 757 040 255 926 272 × 2 = 0 + 0.733 526 088 346 142 927 949 514 080 511 852 544;
  • 51) 0.733 526 088 346 142 927 949 514 080 511 852 544 × 2 = 1 + 0.467 052 176 692 285 855 899 028 161 023 705 088;
  • 52) 0.467 052 176 692 285 855 899 028 161 023 705 088 × 2 = 0 + 0.934 104 353 384 571 711 798 056 322 047 410 176;
  • 53) 0.934 104 353 384 571 711 798 056 322 047 410 176 × 2 = 1 + 0.868 208 706 769 143 423 596 112 644 094 820 352;
  • 54) 0.868 208 706 769 143 423 596 112 644 094 820 352 × 2 = 1 + 0.736 417 413 538 286 847 192 225 288 189 640 704;
  • 55) 0.736 417 413 538 286 847 192 225 288 189 640 704 × 2 = 1 + 0.472 834 827 076 573 694 384 450 576 379 281 408;
  • 56) 0.472 834 827 076 573 694 384 450 576 379 281 408 × 2 = 0 + 0.945 669 654 153 147 388 768 901 152 758 562 816;
  • 57) 0.945 669 654 153 147 388 768 901 152 758 562 816 × 2 = 1 + 0.891 339 308 306 294 777 537 802 305 517 125 632;
  • 58) 0.891 339 308 306 294 777 537 802 305 517 125 632 × 2 = 1 + 0.782 678 616 612 589 555 075 604 611 034 251 264;
  • 59) 0.782 678 616 612 589 555 075 604 611 034 251 264 × 2 = 1 + 0.565 357 233 225 179 110 151 209 222 068 502 528;
  • 60) 0.565 357 233 225 179 110 151 209 222 068 502 528 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 714 466 450 358 220 302 418 444 137 005 056;
  • 61) 0.130 714 466 450 358 220 302 418 444 137 005 056 × 2 = 0 + 0.261 428 932 900 716 440 604 836 888 274 010 112;
  • 62) 0.261 428 932 900 716 440 604 836 888 274 010 112 × 2 = 0 + 0.522 857 865 801 432 881 209 673 776 548 020 224;
  • 63) 0.522 857 865 801 432 881 209 673 776 548 020 224 × 2 = 1 + 0.045 715 731 602 865 762 419 347 553 096 040 448;
  • 64) 0.045 715 731 602 865 762 419 347 553 096 040 448 × 2 = 0 + 0.091 431 463 205 731 524 838 695 106 192 080 896;
  • 65) 0.091 431 463 205 731 524 838 695 106 192 080 896 × 2 = 0 + 0.182 862 926 411 463 049 677 390 212 384 161 792;
  • 66) 0.182 862 926 411 463 049 677 390 212 384 161 792 × 2 = 0 + 0.365 725 852 822 926 099 354 780 424 768 323 584;
  • 67) 0.365 725 852 822 926 099 354 780 424 768 323 584 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 451 705 645 852 198 709 560 849 536 647 168;
  • 68) 0.731 451 705 645 852 198 709 560 849 536 647 168 × 2 = 1 + 0.462 903 411 291 704 397 419 121 699 073 294 336;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 456(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 456(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 16 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 456(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 20 =

1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 2-16


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -16

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-16 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-16 + 1 023)(10) =

1 007(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 007 ÷ 2 = 503 + 1;
  • 503 ÷ 2 = 251 + 1;
  • 251 ÷ 2 = 125 + 1;
  • 125 ÷ 2 = 62 + 1;
  • 62 ÷ 2 = 31 + 0;
  • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

1007(10) =

011 1110 1111(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001 =

0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1110 1111

Mantissa (52 bits) =
0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


Decimal number 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 509 456 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1110 1111 - 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100