0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 508 74 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 508 74(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 508 74(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 508 74.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 508 74 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 309 017 48;
  • 2) 0.000 041 661 458 643 342 410 269 998 309 017 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 618 034 96;
  • 3) 0.000 083 322 917 286 684 820 539 996 618 034 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 236 069 92;
  • 4) 0.000 166 645 834 573 369 641 079 993 236 069 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 986 472 139 84;
  • 5) 0.000 333 291 669 146 739 282 159 986 472 139 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 972 944 279 68;
  • 6) 0.000 666 583 338 293 478 564 319 972 944 279 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 945 888 559 36;
  • 7) 0.001 333 166 676 586 957 128 639 945 888 559 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 891 777 118 72;
  • 8) 0.002 666 333 353 173 914 257 279 891 777 118 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 783 554 237 44;
  • 9) 0.005 332 666 706 347 828 514 559 783 554 237 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 567 108 474 88;
  • 10) 0.010 665 333 412 695 657 029 119 567 108 474 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 134 216 949 76;
  • 11) 0.021 330 666 825 391 314 058 239 134 216 949 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 268 433 899 52;
  • 12) 0.042 661 333 650 782 628 116 478 268 433 899 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 536 867 799 04;
  • 13) 0.085 322 667 301 565 256 232 956 536 867 799 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 073 735 598 08;
  • 14) 0.170 645 334 603 130 512 465 913 073 735 598 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 826 147 471 196 16;
  • 15) 0.341 290 669 206 261 024 931 826 147 471 196 16 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 652 294 942 392 32;
  • 16) 0.682 581 338 412 522 049 863 652 294 942 392 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 304 589 884 784 64;
  • 17) 0.365 162 676 825 044 099 727 304 589 884 784 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 609 179 769 569 28;
  • 18) 0.730 325 353 650 088 199 454 609 179 769 569 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 218 359 539 138 56;
  • 19) 0.460 650 707 300 176 398 909 218 359 539 138 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 436 719 078 277 12;
  • 20) 0.921 301 414 600 352 797 818 436 719 078 277 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 873 438 156 554 24;
  • 21) 0.842 602 829 200 705 595 636 873 438 156 554 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 746 876 313 108 48;
  • 22) 0.685 205 658 401 411 191 273 746 876 313 108 48 × 2 = 1 + 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 493 752 626 216 96;
  • 23) 0.370 411 316 802 822 382 547 493 752 626 216 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 094 987 505 252 433 92;
  • 24) 0.740 822 633 605 644 765 094 987 505 252 433 92 × 2 = 1 + 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 189 975 010 504 867 84;
  • 25) 0.481 645 267 211 289 530 189 975 010 504 867 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 379 950 021 009 735 68;
  • 26) 0.963 290 534 422 579 060 379 950 021 009 735 68 × 2 = 1 + 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 759 900 042 019 471 36;
  • 27) 0.926 581 068 845 158 120 759 900 042 019 471 36 × 2 = 1 + 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 519 800 084 038 942 72;
  • 28) 0.853 162 137 690 316 241 519 800 084 038 942 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 039 600 168 077 885 44;
  • 29) 0.706 324 275 380 632 483 039 600 168 077 885 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 079 200 336 155 770 88;
  • 30) 0.412 648 550 761 264 966 079 200 336 155 770 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 158 400 672 311 541 76;
  • 31) 0.825 297 101 522 529 932 158 400 672 311 541 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 316 801 344 623 083 52;
  • 32) 0.650 594 203 045 059 864 316 801 344 623 083 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 633 602 689 246 167 04;
  • 33) 0.301 188 406 090 119 728 633 602 689 246 167 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 267 205 378 492 334 08;
  • 34) 0.602 376 812 180 239 457 267 205 378 492 334 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.204 753 624 360 478 914 534 410 756 984 668 16;
  • 35) 0.204 753 624 360 478 914 534 410 756 984 668 16 × 2 = 0 + 0.409 507 248 720 957 829 068 821 513 969 336 32;
  • 36) 0.409 507 248 720 957 829 068 821 513 969 336 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.819 014 497 441 915 658 137 643 027 938 672 64;
  • 37) 0.819 014 497 441 915 658 137 643 027 938 672 64 × 2 = 1 + 0.638 028 994 883 831 316 275 286 055 877 345 28;
  • 38) 0.638 028 994 883 831 316 275 286 055 877 345 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.276 057 989 767 662 632 550 572 111 754 690 56;
  • 39) 0.276 057 989 767 662 632 550 572 111 754 690 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.552 115 979 535 325 265 101 144 223 509 381 12;
  • 40) 0.552 115 979 535 325 265 101 144 223 509 381 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.104 231 959 070 650 530 202 288 447 018 762 24;
  • 41) 0.104 231 959 070 650 530 202 288 447 018 762 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.208 463 918 141 301 060 404 576 894 037 524 48;
  • 42) 0.208 463 918 141 301 060 404 576 894 037 524 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.416 927 836 282 602 120 809 153 788 075 048 96;
  • 43) 0.416 927 836 282 602 120 809 153 788 075 048 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.833 855 672 565 204 241 618 307 576 150 097 92;
  • 44) 0.833 855 672 565 204 241 618 307 576 150 097 92 × 2 = 1 + 0.667 711 345 130 408 483 236 615 152 300 195 84;
  • 45) 0.667 711 345 130 408 483 236 615 152 300 195 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.335 422 690 260 816 966 473 230 304 600 391 68;
  • 46) 0.335 422 690 260 816 966 473 230 304 600 391 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 845 380 521 633 932 946 460 609 200 783 36;
  • 47) 0.670 845 380 521 633 932 946 460 609 200 783 36 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 690 761 043 267 865 892 921 218 401 566 72;
  • 48) 0.341 690 761 043 267 865 892 921 218 401 566 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.683 381 522 086 535 731 785 842 436 803 133 44;
  • 49) 0.683 381 522 086 535 731 785 842 436 803 133 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.366 763 044 173 071 463 571 684 873 606 266 88;
  • 50) 0.366 763 044 173 071 463 571 684 873 606 266 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.733 526 088 346 142 927 143 369 747 212 533 76;
  • 51) 0.733 526 088 346 142 927 143 369 747 212 533 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.467 052 176 692 285 854 286 739 494 425 067 52;
  • 52) 0.467 052 176 692 285 854 286 739 494 425 067 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.934 104 353 384 571 708 573 478 988 850 135 04;
  • 53) 0.934 104 353 384 571 708 573 478 988 850 135 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.868 208 706 769 143 417 146 957 977 700 270 08;
  • 54) 0.868 208 706 769 143 417 146 957 977 700 270 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.736 417 413 538 286 834 293 915 955 400 540 16;
  • 55) 0.736 417 413 538 286 834 293 915 955 400 540 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.472 834 827 076 573 668 587 831 910 801 080 32;
  • 56) 0.472 834 827 076 573 668 587 831 910 801 080 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.945 669 654 153 147 337 175 663 821 602 160 64;
  • 57) 0.945 669 654 153 147 337 175 663 821 602 160 64 × 2 = 1 + 0.891 339 308 306 294 674 351 327 643 204 321 28;
  • 58) 0.891 339 308 306 294 674 351 327 643 204 321 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.782 678 616 612 589 348 702 655 286 408 642 56;
  • 59) 0.782 678 616 612 589 348 702 655 286 408 642 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.565 357 233 225 178 697 405 310 572 817 285 12;
  • 60) 0.565 357 233 225 178 697 405 310 572 817 285 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 714 466 450 357 394 810 621 145 634 570 24;
  • 61) 0.130 714 466 450 357 394 810 621 145 634 570 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.261 428 932 900 714 789 621 242 291 269 140 48;
  • 62) 0.261 428 932 900 714 789 621 242 291 269 140 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.522 857 865 801 429 579 242 484 582 538 280 96;
  • 63) 0.522 857 865 801 429 579 242 484 582 538 280 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.045 715 731 602 859 158 484 969 165 076 561 92;
  • 64) 0.045 715 731 602 859 158 484 969 165 076 561 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.091 431 463 205 718 316 969 938 330 153 123 84;
  • 65) 0.091 431 463 205 718 316 969 938 330 153 123 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.182 862 926 411 436 633 939 876 660 306 247 68;
  • 66) 0.182 862 926 411 436 633 939 876 660 306 247 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.365 725 852 822 873 267 879 753 320 612 495 36;
  • 67) 0.365 725 852 822 873 267 879 753 320 612 495 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 451 705 645 746 535 759 506 641 224 990 72;
  • 68) 0.731 451 705 645 746 535 759 506 641 224 990 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.462 903 411 291 493 071 519 013 282 449 981 44;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 508 74(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 508 74(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 16 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 508 74(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 20 =

1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001(2) × 2-16


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -16

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-16 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-16 + 1 023)(10) =

1 007(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 007 ÷ 2 = 503 + 1;
  • 503 ÷ 2 = 251 + 1;
  • 251 ÷ 2 = 125 + 1;
  • 125 ÷ 2 = 62 + 1;
  • 62 ÷ 2 = 31 + 0;
  • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

1007(10) =

011 1110 1111(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001 =

0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1110 1111

Mantissa (52 bits) =
0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001


Decimal number 0.000 020 830 729 321 671 205 134 999 154 508 74 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1110 1111 - 0101 1101 0111 1011 0100 1101 0001 1010 1010 1110 1111 0010 0001

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100