0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 159 3 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 159 3(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 159 3(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 159 3.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 159 3 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 318 6;
  • 2) 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 318 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 637 2;
  • 3) 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 637 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 274 4;
  • 4) 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 274 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 548 8;
  • 5) 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 548 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 725 097 6;
  • 6) 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 725 097 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 450 195 2;
  • 7) 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 450 195 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 900 390 4;
  • 8) 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 900 390 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 800 780 8;
  • 9) 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 800 780 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 601 561 6;
  • 10) 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 601 561 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 203 123 2;
  • 11) 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 203 123 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 406 246 4;
  • 12) 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 406 246 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 812 492 8;
  • 13) 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 812 492 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 624 985 6;
  • 14) 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 624 985 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 249 971 2;
  • 15) 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 249 971 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 499 942 4;
  • 16) 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 499 942 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 999 884 8;
  • 17) 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 999 884 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 999 769 6;
  • 18) 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 999 769 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 491 999 539 2;
  • 19) 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 491 999 539 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 983 999 078 4;
  • 20) 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 983 999 078 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 967 998 156 8;
  • 21) 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 967 998 156 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 935 996 313 6;
  • 22) 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 935 996 313 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 871 992 627 2;
  • 23) 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 871 992 627 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 743 985 254 4;
  • 24) 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 743 985 254 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 487 970 508 8;
  • 25) 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 487 970 508 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 975 941 017 6;
  • 26) 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 975 941 017 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 951 882 035 2;
  • 27) 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 951 882 035 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 903 764 070 4;
  • 28) 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 903 764 070 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 007 807 528 140 8;
  • 29) 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 007 807 528 140 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 015 615 056 281 6;
  • 30) 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 015 615 056 281 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 031 230 112 563 2;
  • 31) 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 031 230 112 563 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 062 460 225 126 4;
  • 32) 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 062 460 225 126 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 124 920 450 252 8;
  • 33) 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 124 920 450 252 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 249 840 900 505 6;
  • 34) 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 249 840 900 505 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 499 681 801 011 2;
  • 35) 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 499 681 801 011 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 999 363 602 022 4;
  • 36) 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 999 363 602 022 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 998 727 204 044 8;
  • 37) 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 998 727 204 044 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 997 454 408 089 6;
  • 38) 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 997 454 408 089 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 639 994 908 816 179 2;
  • 39) 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 639 994 908 816 179 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 279 989 817 632 358 4;
  • 40) 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 279 989 817 632 358 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 559 979 635 264 716 8;
  • 41) 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 559 979 635 264 716 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 119 959 270 529 433 6;
  • 42) 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 119 959 270 529 433 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 239 918 541 058 867 2;
  • 43) 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 239 918 541 058 867 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 479 837 082 117 734 4;
  • 44) 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 479 837 082 117 734 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 959 674 164 235 468 8;
  • 45) 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 959 674 164 235 468 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 919 348 328 470 937 6;
  • 46) 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 919 348 328 470 937 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 838 696 656 941 875 2;
  • 47) 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 838 696 656 941 875 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 759 677 393 313 883 750 4;
  • 48) 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 759 677 393 313 883 750 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 519 354 786 627 767 500 8;
  • 49) 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 519 354 786 627 767 500 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 038 709 573 255 535 001 6;
  • 50) 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 038 709 573 255 535 001 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 077 419 146 511 070 003 2;
  • 51) 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 077 419 146 511 070 003 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 154 838 293 022 140 006 4;
  • 52) 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 154 838 293 022 140 006 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 309 676 586 044 280 012 8;
  • 53) 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 309 676 586 044 280 012 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 619 353 172 088 560 025 6;
  • 54) 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 619 353 172 088 560 025 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 238 706 344 177 120 051 2;
  • 55) 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 238 706 344 177 120 051 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 477 412 688 354 240 102 4;
  • 56) 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 477 412 688 354 240 102 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 954 825 376 708 480 204 8;
  • 57) 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 954 825 376 708 480 204 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 625 909 650 753 416 960 409 6;
  • 58) 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 625 909 650 753 416 960 409 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 251 819 301 506 833 920 819 2;
  • 59) 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 251 819 301 506 833 920 819 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 503 638 603 013 667 841 638 4;
  • 60) 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 503 638 603 013 667 841 638 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 125 007 277 206 027 335 683 276 8;
  • 61) 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 125 007 277 206 027 335 683 276 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 250 014 554 412 054 671 366 553 6;
  • 62) 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 250 014 554 412 054 671 366 553 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 500 029 108 824 109 342 733 107 2;
  • 63) 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 500 029 108 824 109 342 733 107 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 625 000 058 217 648 218 685 466 214 4;
  • 64) 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 625 000 058 217 648 218 685 466 214 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 250 000 116 435 296 437 370 932 428 8;
  • 65) 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 250 000 116 435 296 437 370 932 428 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 500 000 232 870 592 874 741 864 857 6;
  • 66) 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 500 000 232 870 592 874 741 864 857 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 125 000 000 465 741 185 749 483 729 715 2;
  • 67) 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 125 000 000 465 741 185 749 483 729 715 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 250 000 000 931 482 371 498 967 459 430 4;
  • 68) 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 250 000 000 931 482 371 498 967 459 430 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 500 000 001 862 964 742 997 934 918 860 8;
  • 69) 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 500 000 001 862 964 742 997 934 918 860 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 625 000 000 003 725 929 485 995 869 837 721 6;
  • 70) 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 625 000 000 003 725 929 485 995 869 837 721 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 250 000 000 007 451 858 971 991 739 675 443 2;
  • 71) 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 250 000 000 007 451 858 971 991 739 675 443 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 500 000 000 014 903 717 943 983 479 350 886 4;
  • 72) 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 500 000 000 014 903 717 943 983 479 350 886 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.231 159 210 205 078 125 000 000 000 029 807 435 887 966 958 701 772 8;
  • 73) 0.231 159 210 205 078 125 000 000 000 029 807 435 887 966 958 701 772 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.462 318 420 410 156 250 000 000 000 059 614 871 775 933 917 403 545 6;
  • 74) 0.462 318 420 410 156 250 000 000 000 059 614 871 775 933 917 403 545 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.924 636 840 820 312 500 000 000 000 119 229 743 551 867 834 807 091 2;
  • 75) 0.924 636 840 820 312 500 000 000 000 119 229 743 551 867 834 807 091 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.849 273 681 640 625 000 000 000 000 238 459 487 103 735 669 614 182 4;
  • 76) 0.849 273 681 640 625 000 000 000 000 238 459 487 103 735 669 614 182 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.698 547 363 281 250 000 000 000 000 476 918 974 207 471 339 228 364 8;
  • 77) 0.698 547 363 281 250 000 000 000 000 476 918 974 207 471 339 228 364 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.397 094 726 562 500 000 000 000 000 953 837 948 414 942 678 456 729 6;
  • 78) 0.397 094 726 562 500 000 000 000 000 953 837 948 414 942 678 456 729 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.794 189 453 125 000 000 000 000 001 907 675 896 829 885 356 913 459 2;
  • 79) 0.794 189 453 125 000 000 000 000 001 907 675 896 829 885 356 913 459 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.588 378 906 250 000 000 000 000 003 815 351 793 659 770 713 826 918 4;
  • 80) 0.588 378 906 250 000 000 000 000 003 815 351 793 659 770 713 826 918 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.176 757 812 500 000 000 000 000 007 630 703 587 319 541 427 653 836 8;
  • 81) 0.176 757 812 500 000 000 000 000 007 630 703 587 319 541 427 653 836 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.353 515 625 000 000 000 000 000 015 261 407 174 639 082 855 307 673 6;
  • 82) 0.353 515 625 000 000 000 000 000 015 261 407 174 639 082 855 307 673 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 031 250 000 000 000 000 000 030 522 814 349 278 165 710 615 347 2;
  • 83) 0.707 031 250 000 000 000 000 000 030 522 814 349 278 165 710 615 347 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.414 062 500 000 000 000 000 000 061 045 628 698 556 331 421 230 694 4;
  • 84) 0.414 062 500 000 000 000 000 000 061 045 628 698 556 331 421 230 694 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.828 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 122 091 257 397 112 662 842 461 388 8;
  • 85) 0.828 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 122 091 257 397 112 662 842 461 388 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.656 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 244 182 514 794 225 325 684 922 777 6;
  • 86) 0.656 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 244 182 514 794 225 325 684 922 777 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.312 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 488 365 029 588 450 651 369 845 555 2;
  • 87) 0.312 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 488 365 029 588 450 651 369 845 555 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 976 730 059 176 901 302 739 691 110 4;
  • 88) 0.625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 976 730 059 176 901 302 739 691 110 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.250 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 953 460 118 353 802 605 479 382 220 8;
  • 89) 0.250 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 953 460 118 353 802 605 479 382 220 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.500 000 000 000 000 000 000 003 906 920 236 707 605 210 958 764 441 6;
  • 90) 0.500 000 000 000 000 000 000 003 906 920 236 707 605 210 958 764 441 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 007 813 840 473 415 210 421 917 528 883 2;
  • 91) 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 007 813 840 473 415 210 421 917 528 883 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 015 627 680 946 830 420 843 835 057 766 4;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 159 3(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 159 3(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 39 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 159 3(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2) × 20 =

1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010(2) × 2-39


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -39

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-39 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-39 + 1 023)(10) =

984(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 984 ÷ 2 = 492 + 0;
  • 492 ÷ 2 = 246 + 0;
  • 246 ÷ 2 = 123 + 0;
  • 123 ÷ 2 = 61 + 1;
  • 61 ÷ 2 = 30 + 1;
  • 30 ÷ 2 = 15 + 0;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

984(10) =

011 1101 1000(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010 =

1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1101 1000

Mantissa (52 bits) =
1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


Decimal number 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 159 3 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1101 1000 - 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100