0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 158 4 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 158 4(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 158 4(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 158 4.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 158 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 316 8;
  • 2) 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 316 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 633 6;
  • 3) 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 633 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 267 2;
  • 4) 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 267 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 534 4;
  • 5) 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 534 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 725 068 8;
  • 6) 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 725 068 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 450 137 6;
  • 7) 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 450 137 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 900 275 2;
  • 8) 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 900 275 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 800 550 4;
  • 9) 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 800 550 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 601 100 8;
  • 10) 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 601 100 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 202 201 6;
  • 11) 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 202 201 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 404 403 2;
  • 12) 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 404 403 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 808 806 4;
  • 13) 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 808 806 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 617 612 8;
  • 14) 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 617 612 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 235 225 6;
  • 15) 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 235 225 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 470 451 2;
  • 16) 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 470 451 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 940 902 4;
  • 17) 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 940 902 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 881 804 8;
  • 18) 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 881 804 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 491 763 609 6;
  • 19) 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 491 763 609 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 983 527 219 2;
  • 20) 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 983 527 219 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 967 054 438 4;
  • 21) 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 967 054 438 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 934 108 876 8;
  • 22) 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 934 108 876 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 868 217 753 6;
  • 23) 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 868 217 753 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 736 435 507 2;
  • 24) 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 736 435 507 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 472 871 014 4;
  • 25) 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 472 871 014 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 945 742 028 8;
  • 26) 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 945 742 028 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 891 484 057 6;
  • 27) 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 891 484 057 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 782 968 115 2;
  • 28) 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 782 968 115 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 007 565 936 230 4;
  • 29) 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 007 565 936 230 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 015 131 872 460 8;
  • 30) 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 015 131 872 460 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 030 263 744 921 6;
  • 31) 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 030 263 744 921 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 060 527 489 843 2;
  • 32) 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 060 527 489 843 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 121 054 979 686 4;
  • 33) 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 121 054 979 686 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 242 109 959 372 8;
  • 34) 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 242 109 959 372 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 484 219 918 745 6;
  • 35) 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 484 219 918 745 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 968 439 837 491 2;
  • 36) 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 968 439 837 491 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 936 879 674 982 4;
  • 37) 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 936 879 674 982 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 873 759 349 964 8;
  • 38) 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 873 759 349 964 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 639 747 518 699 929 6;
  • 39) 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 639 747 518 699 929 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 279 495 037 399 859 2;
  • 40) 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 279 495 037 399 859 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 558 990 074 799 718 4;
  • 41) 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 558 990 074 799 718 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 117 980 149 599 436 8;
  • 42) 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 117 980 149 599 436 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 235 960 299 198 873 6;
  • 43) 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 235 960 299 198 873 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 471 920 598 397 747 2;
  • 44) 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 471 920 598 397 747 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 943 841 196 795 494 4;
  • 45) 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 943 841 196 795 494 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 887 682 393 590 988 8;
  • 46) 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 887 682 393 590 988 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 775 364 787 181 977 6;
  • 47) 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 775 364 787 181 977 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 759 550 729 574 363 955 2;
  • 48) 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 759 550 729 574 363 955 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 519 101 459 148 727 910 4;
  • 49) 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 519 101 459 148 727 910 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 038 202 918 297 455 820 8;
  • 50) 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 038 202 918 297 455 820 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 076 405 836 594 911 641 6;
  • 51) 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 076 405 836 594 911 641 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 152 811 673 189 823 283 2;
  • 52) 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 152 811 673 189 823 283 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 305 623 346 379 646 566 4;
  • 53) 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 305 623 346 379 646 566 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 611 246 692 759 293 132 8;
  • 54) 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 611 246 692 759 293 132 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 222 493 385 518 586 265 6;
  • 55) 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 222 493 385 518 586 265 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 444 986 771 037 172 531 2;
  • 56) 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 444 986 771 037 172 531 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 889 973 542 074 345 062 4;
  • 57) 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 889 973 542 074 345 062 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 625 779 947 084 148 690 124 8;
  • 58) 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 625 779 947 084 148 690 124 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 251 559 894 168 297 380 249 6;
  • 59) 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 251 559 894 168 297 380 249 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 503 119 788 336 594 760 499 2;
  • 60) 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 503 119 788 336 594 760 499 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 125 006 239 576 673 189 520 998 4;
  • 61) 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 125 006 239 576 673 189 520 998 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 250 012 479 153 346 379 041 996 8;
  • 62) 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 250 012 479 153 346 379 041 996 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 500 024 958 306 692 758 083 993 6;
  • 63) 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 500 024 958 306 692 758 083 993 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 625 000 049 916 613 385 516 167 987 2;
  • 64) 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 625 000 049 916 613 385 516 167 987 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 250 000 099 833 226 771 032 335 974 4;
  • 65) 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 250 000 099 833 226 771 032 335 974 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 500 000 199 666 453 542 064 671 948 8;
  • 66) 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 500 000 199 666 453 542 064 671 948 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 125 000 000 399 332 907 084 129 343 897 6;
  • 67) 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 125 000 000 399 332 907 084 129 343 897 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 250 000 000 798 665 814 168 258 687 795 2;
  • 68) 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 250 000 000 798 665 814 168 258 687 795 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 500 000 001 597 331 628 336 517 375 590 4;
  • 69) 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 500 000 001 597 331 628 336 517 375 590 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 625 000 000 003 194 663 256 673 034 751 180 8;
  • 70) 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 625 000 000 003 194 663 256 673 034 751 180 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 250 000 000 006 389 326 513 346 069 502 361 6;
  • 71) 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 250 000 000 006 389 326 513 346 069 502 361 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 500 000 000 012 778 653 026 692 139 004 723 2;
  • 72) 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 500 000 000 012 778 653 026 692 139 004 723 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.231 159 210 205 078 125 000 000 000 025 557 306 053 384 278 009 446 4;
  • 73) 0.231 159 210 205 078 125 000 000 000 025 557 306 053 384 278 009 446 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.462 318 420 410 156 250 000 000 000 051 114 612 106 768 556 018 892 8;
  • 74) 0.462 318 420 410 156 250 000 000 000 051 114 612 106 768 556 018 892 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.924 636 840 820 312 500 000 000 000 102 229 224 213 537 112 037 785 6;
  • 75) 0.924 636 840 820 312 500 000 000 000 102 229 224 213 537 112 037 785 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.849 273 681 640 625 000 000 000 000 204 458 448 427 074 224 075 571 2;
  • 76) 0.849 273 681 640 625 000 000 000 000 204 458 448 427 074 224 075 571 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.698 547 363 281 250 000 000 000 000 408 916 896 854 148 448 151 142 4;
  • 77) 0.698 547 363 281 250 000 000 000 000 408 916 896 854 148 448 151 142 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.397 094 726 562 500 000 000 000 000 817 833 793 708 296 896 302 284 8;
  • 78) 0.397 094 726 562 500 000 000 000 000 817 833 793 708 296 896 302 284 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.794 189 453 125 000 000 000 000 001 635 667 587 416 593 792 604 569 6;
  • 79) 0.794 189 453 125 000 000 000 000 001 635 667 587 416 593 792 604 569 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.588 378 906 250 000 000 000 000 003 271 335 174 833 187 585 209 139 2;
  • 80) 0.588 378 906 250 000 000 000 000 003 271 335 174 833 187 585 209 139 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.176 757 812 500 000 000 000 000 006 542 670 349 666 375 170 418 278 4;
  • 81) 0.176 757 812 500 000 000 000 000 006 542 670 349 666 375 170 418 278 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.353 515 625 000 000 000 000 000 013 085 340 699 332 750 340 836 556 8;
  • 82) 0.353 515 625 000 000 000 000 000 013 085 340 699 332 750 340 836 556 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 031 250 000 000 000 000 000 026 170 681 398 665 500 681 673 113 6;
  • 83) 0.707 031 250 000 000 000 000 000 026 170 681 398 665 500 681 673 113 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.414 062 500 000 000 000 000 000 052 341 362 797 331 001 363 346 227 2;
  • 84) 0.414 062 500 000 000 000 000 000 052 341 362 797 331 001 363 346 227 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.828 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 104 682 725 594 662 002 726 692 454 4;
  • 85) 0.828 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 104 682 725 594 662 002 726 692 454 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.656 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 209 365 451 189 324 005 453 384 908 8;
  • 86) 0.656 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 209 365 451 189 324 005 453 384 908 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.312 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 418 730 902 378 648 010 906 769 817 6;
  • 87) 0.312 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 418 730 902 378 648 010 906 769 817 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 837 461 804 757 296 021 813 539 635 2;
  • 88) 0.625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 837 461 804 757 296 021 813 539 635 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.250 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 674 923 609 514 592 043 627 079 270 4;
  • 89) 0.250 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 674 923 609 514 592 043 627 079 270 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.500 000 000 000 000 000 000 003 349 847 219 029 184 087 254 158 540 8;
  • 90) 0.500 000 000 000 000 000 000 003 349 847 219 029 184 087 254 158 540 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 006 699 694 438 058 368 174 508 317 081 6;
  • 91) 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 006 699 694 438 058 368 174 508 317 081 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 013 399 388 876 116 736 349 016 634 163 2;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 158 4(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 158 4(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 39 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 158 4(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2) × 20 =

1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010(2) × 2-39


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -39

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-39 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-39 + 1 023)(10) =

984(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 984 ÷ 2 = 492 + 0;
  • 492 ÷ 2 = 246 + 0;
  • 246 ÷ 2 = 123 + 0;
  • 123 ÷ 2 = 61 + 1;
  • 61 ÷ 2 = 30 + 1;
  • 30 ÷ 2 = 15 + 0;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

984(10) =

011 1101 1000(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010 =

1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1101 1000

Mantissa (52 bits) =
1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


Decimal number 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 158 4 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1101 1000 - 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100