0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 154 02 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 154 02(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 154 02(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 154 02.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 154 02 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 308 04;
  • 2) 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 308 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 616 08;
  • 3) 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 616 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 232 16;
  • 4) 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 232 16 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 464 32;
  • 5) 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 464 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 928 64;
  • 6) 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 928 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 857 28;
  • 7) 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 857 28 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 714 56;
  • 8) 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 714 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 429 12;
  • 9) 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 429 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 858 24;
  • 10) 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 858 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 197 716 48;
  • 11) 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 197 716 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 395 432 96;
  • 12) 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 395 432 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 790 865 92;
  • 13) 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 790 865 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 581 731 84;
  • 14) 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 581 731 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 163 463 68;
  • 15) 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 163 463 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 326 927 36;
  • 16) 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 326 927 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 653 854 72;
  • 17) 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 653 854 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 307 709 44;
  • 18) 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 307 709 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 615 418 88;
  • 19) 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 615 418 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 981 230 837 76;
  • 20) 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 981 230 837 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 962 461 675 52;
  • 21) 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 962 461 675 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 924 923 351 04;
  • 22) 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 924 923 351 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 849 846 702 08;
  • 23) 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 849 846 702 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 699 693 404 16;
  • 24) 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 699 693 404 16 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 399 386 808 32;
  • 25) 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 399 386 808 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 798 773 616 64;
  • 26) 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 798 773 616 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 597 547 233 28;
  • 27) 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 597 547 233 28 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 195 094 466 56;
  • 28) 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 195 094 466 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 390 188 933 12;
  • 29) 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 390 188 933 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 780 377 866 24;
  • 30) 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 780 377 866 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 025 560 755 732 48;
  • 31) 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 025 560 755 732 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 051 121 511 464 96;
  • 32) 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 051 121 511 464 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 102 243 022 929 92;
  • 33) 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 102 243 022 929 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 204 486 045 859 84;
  • 34) 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 204 486 045 859 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 408 972 091 719 68;
  • 35) 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 408 972 091 719 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 817 944 183 439 36;
  • 36) 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 817 944 183 439 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 635 888 366 878 72;
  • 37) 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 635 888 366 878 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 271 776 733 757 44;
  • 38) 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 271 776 733 757 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 543 553 467 514 88;
  • 39) 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 543 553 467 514 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 277 087 106 935 029 76;
  • 40) 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 277 087 106 935 029 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 554 174 213 870 059 52;
  • 41) 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 554 174 213 870 059 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 108 348 427 740 119 04;
  • 42) 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 108 348 427 740 119 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 216 696 855 480 238 08;
  • 43) 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 216 696 855 480 238 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 433 393 710 960 476 16;
  • 44) 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 433 393 710 960 476 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 866 787 421 920 952 32;
  • 45) 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 866 787 421 920 952 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 733 574 843 841 904 64;
  • 46) 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 733 574 843 841 904 64 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 467 149 687 683 809 28;
  • 47) 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 467 149 687 683 809 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 934 299 375 367 618 56;
  • 48) 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 934 299 375 367 618 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 868 598 750 735 237 12;
  • 49) 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 868 598 750 735 237 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 737 197 501 470 474 24;
  • 50) 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 737 197 501 470 474 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 071 474 395 002 940 948 48;
  • 51) 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 071 474 395 002 940 948 48 × 2 = 1 + 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 142 948 790 005 881 896 96;
  • 52) 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 142 948 790 005 881 896 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 285 897 580 011 763 793 92;
  • 53) 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 285 897 580 011 763 793 92 × 2 = 1 + 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 571 795 160 023 527 587 84;
  • 54) 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 571 795 160 023 527 587 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 143 590 320 047 055 175 68;
  • 55) 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 143 590 320 047 055 175 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 287 180 640 094 110 351 36;
  • 56) 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 287 180 640 094 110 351 36 × 2 = 1 + 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 574 361 280 188 220 702 72;
  • 57) 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 574 361 280 188 220 702 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 625 148 722 560 376 441 405 44;
  • 58) 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 625 148 722 560 376 441 405 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 250 297 445 120 752 882 810 88;
  • 59) 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 250 297 445 120 752 882 810 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 500 594 890 241 505 765 621 76;
  • 60) 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 500 594 890 241 505 765 621 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 125 001 189 780 483 011 531 243 52;
  • 61) 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 125 001 189 780 483 011 531 243 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 250 002 379 560 966 023 062 487 04;
  • 62) 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 250 002 379 560 966 023 062 487 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 500 004 759 121 932 046 124 974 08;
  • 63) 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 500 004 759 121 932 046 124 974 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 625 000 009 518 243 864 092 249 948 16;
  • 64) 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 625 000 009 518 243 864 092 249 948 16 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 250 000 019 036 487 728 184 499 896 32;
  • 65) 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 250 000 019 036 487 728 184 499 896 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 500 000 038 072 975 456 368 999 792 64;
  • 66) 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 500 000 038 072 975 456 368 999 792 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 125 000 000 076 145 950 912 737 999 585 28;
  • 67) 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 125 000 000 076 145 950 912 737 999 585 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 250 000 000 152 291 901 825 475 999 170 56;
  • 68) 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 250 000 000 152 291 901 825 475 999 170 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 500 000 000 304 583 803 650 951 998 341 12;
  • 69) 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 500 000 000 304 583 803 650 951 998 341 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 625 000 000 000 609 167 607 301 903 996 682 24;
  • 70) 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 625 000 000 000 609 167 607 301 903 996 682 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 250 000 000 001 218 335 214 603 807 993 364 48;
  • 71) 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 250 000 000 001 218 335 214 603 807 993 364 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 500 000 000 002 436 670 429 207 615 986 728 96;
  • 72) 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 500 000 000 002 436 670 429 207 615 986 728 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.231 159 210 205 078 125 000 000 000 004 873 340 858 415 231 973 457 92;
  • 73) 0.231 159 210 205 078 125 000 000 000 004 873 340 858 415 231 973 457 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.462 318 420 410 156 250 000 000 000 009 746 681 716 830 463 946 915 84;
  • 74) 0.462 318 420 410 156 250 000 000 000 009 746 681 716 830 463 946 915 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.924 636 840 820 312 500 000 000 000 019 493 363 433 660 927 893 831 68;
  • 75) 0.924 636 840 820 312 500 000 000 000 019 493 363 433 660 927 893 831 68 × 2 = 1 + 0.849 273 681 640 625 000 000 000 000 038 986 726 867 321 855 787 663 36;
  • 76) 0.849 273 681 640 625 000 000 000 000 038 986 726 867 321 855 787 663 36 × 2 = 1 + 0.698 547 363 281 250 000 000 000 000 077 973 453 734 643 711 575 326 72;
  • 77) 0.698 547 363 281 250 000 000 000 000 077 973 453 734 643 711 575 326 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.397 094 726 562 500 000 000 000 000 155 946 907 469 287 423 150 653 44;
  • 78) 0.397 094 726 562 500 000 000 000 000 155 946 907 469 287 423 150 653 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.794 189 453 125 000 000 000 000 000 311 893 814 938 574 846 301 306 88;
  • 79) 0.794 189 453 125 000 000 000 000 000 311 893 814 938 574 846 301 306 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.588 378 906 250 000 000 000 000 000 623 787 629 877 149 692 602 613 76;
  • 80) 0.588 378 906 250 000 000 000 000 000 623 787 629 877 149 692 602 613 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.176 757 812 500 000 000 000 000 001 247 575 259 754 299 385 205 227 52;
  • 81) 0.176 757 812 500 000 000 000 000 001 247 575 259 754 299 385 205 227 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.353 515 625 000 000 000 000 000 002 495 150 519 508 598 770 410 455 04;
  • 82) 0.353 515 625 000 000 000 000 000 002 495 150 519 508 598 770 410 455 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 031 250 000 000 000 000 000 004 990 301 039 017 197 540 820 910 08;
  • 83) 0.707 031 250 000 000 000 000 000 004 990 301 039 017 197 540 820 910 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.414 062 500 000 000 000 000 000 009 980 602 078 034 395 081 641 820 16;
  • 84) 0.414 062 500 000 000 000 000 000 009 980 602 078 034 395 081 641 820 16 × 2 = 0 + 0.828 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 019 961 204 156 068 790 163 283 640 32;
  • 85) 0.828 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 019 961 204 156 068 790 163 283 640 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.656 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 039 922 408 312 137 580 326 567 280 64;
  • 86) 0.656 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 039 922 408 312 137 580 326 567 280 64 × 2 = 1 + 0.312 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 079 844 816 624 275 160 653 134 561 28;
  • 87) 0.312 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 079 844 816 624 275 160 653 134 561 28 × 2 = 0 + 0.625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 159 689 633 248 550 321 306 269 122 56;
  • 88) 0.625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 159 689 633 248 550 321 306 269 122 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 319 379 266 497 100 642 612 538 245 12;
  • 89) 0.250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 319 379 266 497 100 642 612 538 245 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 638 758 532 994 201 285 225 076 490 24;
  • 90) 0.500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 638 758 532 994 201 285 225 076 490 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 277 517 065 988 402 570 450 152 980 48;
  • 91) 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 277 517 065 988 402 570 450 152 980 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 555 034 131 976 805 140 900 305 960 96;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 154 02(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 154 02(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 39 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 154 02(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2) × 20 =

1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010(2) × 2-39


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -39

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-39 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-39 + 1 023)(10) =

984(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 984 ÷ 2 = 492 + 0;
  • 492 ÷ 2 = 246 + 0;
  • 246 ÷ 2 = 123 + 0;
  • 123 ÷ 2 = 61 + 1;
  • 61 ÷ 2 = 30 + 1;
  • 30 ÷ 2 = 15 + 0;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

984(10) =

011 1101 1000(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010 =

1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1101 1000

Mantissa (52 bits) =
1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


Decimal number 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 154 02 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1101 1000 - 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100