0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 076 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 076(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 076(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 076.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 076 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 306 152;
  • 2) 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 306 152 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 612 304;
  • 3) 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 612 304 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 224 608;
  • 4) 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 224 608 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 449 216;
  • 5) 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 449 216 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 898 432;
  • 6) 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 898 432 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 796 864;
  • 7) 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 796 864 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 593 728;
  • 8) 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 593 728 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 187 456;
  • 9) 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 187 456 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 374 912;
  • 10) 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 374 912 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 749 824;
  • 11) 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 749 824 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 499 648;
  • 12) 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 499 648 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 999 296;
  • 13) 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 999 296 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 998 592;
  • 14) 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 998 592 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 147 997 184;
  • 15) 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 147 997 184 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 295 994 368;
  • 16) 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 295 994 368 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 591 988 736;
  • 17) 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 591 988 736 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 183 977 472;
  • 18) 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 183 977 472 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 367 954 944;
  • 19) 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 367 954 944 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 735 909 888;
  • 20) 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 735 909 888 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 471 819 776;
  • 21) 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 471 819 776 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 943 639 552;
  • 22) 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 943 639 552 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 887 279 104;
  • 23) 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 887 279 104 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 774 558 208;
  • 24) 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 774 558 208 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 383 549 116 416;
  • 25) 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 383 549 116 416 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 767 098 232 832;
  • 26) 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 767 098 232 832 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 534 196 465 664;
  • 27) 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 534 196 465 664 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 068 392 931 328;
  • 28) 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 068 392 931 328 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 136 785 862 656;
  • 29) 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 136 785 862 656 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 273 571 725 312;
  • 30) 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 273 571 725 312 × 2 = 0 + 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 547 143 450 624;
  • 31) 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 547 143 450 624 × 2 = 0 + 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 049 094 286 901 248;
  • 32) 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 049 094 286 901 248 × 2 = 0 + 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 098 188 573 802 496;
  • 33) 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 098 188 573 802 496 × 2 = 0 + 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 196 377 147 604 992;
  • 34) 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 196 377 147 604 992 × 2 = 0 + 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 392 754 295 209 984;
  • 35) 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 392 754 295 209 984 × 2 = 0 + 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 785 508 590 419 968;
  • 36) 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 785 508 590 419 968 × 2 = 0 + 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 571 017 180 839 936;
  • 37) 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 571 017 180 839 936 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 142 034 361 679 872;
  • 38) 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 142 034 361 679 872 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 284 068 723 359 744;
  • 39) 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 284 068 723 359 744 × 2 = 1 + 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 568 137 446 719 488;
  • 40) 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 568 137 446 719 488 × 2 = 1 + 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 136 274 893 438 976;
  • 41) 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 136 274 893 438 976 × 2 = 1 + 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 272 549 786 877 952;
  • 42) 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 272 549 786 877 952 × 2 = 1 + 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 545 099 573 755 904;
  • 43) 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 545 099 573 755 904 × 2 = 1 + 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 425 090 199 147 511 808;
  • 44) 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 425 090 199 147 511 808 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 850 180 398 295 023 616;
  • 45) 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 850 180 398 295 023 616 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 700 360 796 590 047 232;
  • 46) 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 700 360 796 590 047 232 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 400 721 593 180 094 464;
  • 47) 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 400 721 593 180 094 464 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 801 443 186 360 188 928;
  • 48) 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 801 443 186 360 188 928 × 2 = 1 + 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 602 886 372 720 377 856;
  • 49) 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 602 886 372 720 377 856 × 2 = 0 + 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 205 772 745 440 755 712;
  • 50) 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 205 772 745 440 755 712 × 2 = 0 + 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 411 545 490 881 511 424;
  • 51) 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 411 545 490 881 511 424 × 2 = 1 + 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 823 090 981 763 022 848;
  • 52) 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 823 090 981 763 022 848 × 2 = 0 + 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 646 181 963 526 045 696;
  • 53) 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 646 181 963 526 045 696 × 2 = 1 + 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 563 292 363 927 052 091 392;
  • 54) 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 563 292 363 927 052 091 392 × 2 = 0 + 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 126 584 727 854 104 182 784;
  • 55) 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 126 584 727 854 104 182 784 × 2 = 0 + 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 253 169 455 708 208 365 568;
  • 56) 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 253 169 455 708 208 365 568 × 2 = 1 + 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 506 338 911 416 416 731 136;
  • 57) 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 506 338 911 416 416 731 136 × 2 = 0 + 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 625 012 677 822 832 833 462 272;
  • 58) 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 625 012 677 822 832 833 462 272 × 2 = 1 + 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 250 025 355 645 665 666 924 544;
  • 59) 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 250 025 355 645 665 666 924 544 × 2 = 0 + 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 500 050 711 291 331 333 849 088;
  • 60) 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 500 050 711 291 331 333 849 088 × 2 = 1 + 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 125 000 101 422 582 662 667 698 176;
  • 61) 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 125 000 101 422 582 662 667 698 176 × 2 = 1 + 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 250 000 202 845 165 325 335 396 352;
  • 62) 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 250 000 202 845 165 325 335 396 352 × 2 = 0 + 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 500 000 405 690 330 650 670 792 704;
  • 63) 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 500 000 405 690 330 650 670 792 704 × 2 = 1 + 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 625 000 000 811 380 661 301 341 585 408;
  • 64) 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 625 000 000 811 380 661 301 341 585 408 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 250 000 001 622 761 322 602 683 170 816;
  • 65) 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 250 000 001 622 761 322 602 683 170 816 × 2 = 1 + 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 500 000 003 245 522 645 205 366 341 632;
  • 66) 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 500 000 003 245 522 645 205 366 341 632 × 2 = 0 + 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 125 000 000 006 491 045 290 410 732 683 264;
  • 67) 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 125 000 000 006 491 045 290 410 732 683 264 × 2 = 1 + 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 250 000 000 012 982 090 580 821 465 366 528;
  • 68) 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 250 000 000 012 982 090 580 821 465 366 528 × 2 = 1 + 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 500 000 000 025 964 181 161 642 930 733 056;
  • 69) 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 500 000 000 025 964 181 161 642 930 733 056 × 2 = 0 + 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 625 000 000 000 051 928 362 323 285 861 466 112;
  • 70) 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 625 000 000 000 051 928 362 323 285 861 466 112 × 2 = 1 + 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 250 000 000 000 103 856 724 646 571 722 932 224;
  • 71) 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 250 000 000 000 103 856 724 646 571 722 932 224 × 2 = 0 + 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 500 000 000 000 207 713 449 293 143 445 864 448;
  • 72) 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 500 000 000 000 207 713 449 293 143 445 864 448 × 2 = 1 + 0.231 159 210 205 078 125 000 000 000 000 415 426 898 586 286 891 728 896;
  • 73) 0.231 159 210 205 078 125 000 000 000 000 415 426 898 586 286 891 728 896 × 2 = 0 + 0.462 318 420 410 156 250 000 000 000 000 830 853 797 172 573 783 457 792;
  • 74) 0.462 318 420 410 156 250 000 000 000 000 830 853 797 172 573 783 457 792 × 2 = 0 + 0.924 636 840 820 312 500 000 000 000 001 661 707 594 345 147 566 915 584;
  • 75) 0.924 636 840 820 312 500 000 000 000 001 661 707 594 345 147 566 915 584 × 2 = 1 + 0.849 273 681 640 625 000 000 000 000 003 323 415 188 690 295 133 831 168;
  • 76) 0.849 273 681 640 625 000 000 000 000 003 323 415 188 690 295 133 831 168 × 2 = 1 + 0.698 547 363 281 250 000 000 000 000 006 646 830 377 380 590 267 662 336;
  • 77) 0.698 547 363 281 250 000 000 000 000 006 646 830 377 380 590 267 662 336 × 2 = 1 + 0.397 094 726 562 500 000 000 000 000 013 293 660 754 761 180 535 324 672;
  • 78) 0.397 094 726 562 500 000 000 000 000 013 293 660 754 761 180 535 324 672 × 2 = 0 + 0.794 189 453 125 000 000 000 000 000 026 587 321 509 522 361 070 649 344;
  • 79) 0.794 189 453 125 000 000 000 000 000 026 587 321 509 522 361 070 649 344 × 2 = 1 + 0.588 378 906 250 000 000 000 000 000 053 174 643 019 044 722 141 298 688;
  • 80) 0.588 378 906 250 000 000 000 000 000 053 174 643 019 044 722 141 298 688 × 2 = 1 + 0.176 757 812 500 000 000 000 000 000 106 349 286 038 089 444 282 597 376;
  • 81) 0.176 757 812 500 000 000 000 000 000 106 349 286 038 089 444 282 597 376 × 2 = 0 + 0.353 515 625 000 000 000 000 000 000 212 698 572 076 178 888 565 194 752;
  • 82) 0.353 515 625 000 000 000 000 000 000 212 698 572 076 178 888 565 194 752 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 031 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 425 397 144 152 357 777 130 389 504;
  • 83) 0.707 031 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 425 397 144 152 357 777 130 389 504 × 2 = 1 + 0.414 062 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 850 794 288 304 715 554 260 779 008;
  • 84) 0.414 062 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 850 794 288 304 715 554 260 779 008 × 2 = 0 + 0.828 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 701 588 576 609 431 108 521 558 016;
  • 85) 0.828 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 701 588 576 609 431 108 521 558 016 × 2 = 1 + 0.656 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 003 403 177 153 218 862 217 043 116 032;
  • 86) 0.656 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 003 403 177 153 218 862 217 043 116 032 × 2 = 1 + 0.312 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 006 806 354 306 437 724 434 086 232 064;
  • 87) 0.312 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 006 806 354 306 437 724 434 086 232 064 × 2 = 0 + 0.625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 013 612 708 612 875 448 868 172 464 128;
  • 88) 0.625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 013 612 708 612 875 448 868 172 464 128 × 2 = 1 + 0.250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 027 225 417 225 750 897 736 344 928 256;
  • 89) 0.250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 027 225 417 225 750 897 736 344 928 256 × 2 = 0 + 0.500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 054 450 834 451 501 795 472 689 856 512;
  • 90) 0.500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 054 450 834 451 501 795 472 689 856 512 × 2 = 1 + 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 108 901 668 903 003 590 945 379 713 024;
  • 91) 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 108 901 668 903 003 590 945 379 713 024 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 217 803 337 806 007 181 890 759 426 048;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 076(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 076(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 39 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 076(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2) × 20 =

1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010(2) × 2-39


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -39

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-39 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-39 + 1 023)(10) =

984(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 984 ÷ 2 = 492 + 0;
  • 492 ÷ 2 = 246 + 0;
  • 246 ÷ 2 = 123 + 0;
  • 123 ÷ 2 = 61 + 1;
  • 61 ÷ 2 = 30 + 1;
  • 30 ÷ 2 = 15 + 0;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

984(10) =

011 1101 1000(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010 =

1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1101 1000

Mantissa (52 bits) =
1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


Decimal number 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 076 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1101 1000 - 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100