0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 061 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 061(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 061(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 061.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 061 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 306 122;
  • 2) 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 306 122 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 612 244;
  • 3) 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 612 244 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 224 488;
  • 4) 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 224 488 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 448 976;
  • 5) 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 448 976 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 897 952;
  • 6) 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 897 952 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 795 904;
  • 7) 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 795 904 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 591 808;
  • 8) 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 591 808 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 183 616;
  • 9) 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 183 616 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 367 232;
  • 10) 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 367 232 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 734 464;
  • 11) 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 734 464 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 468 928;
  • 12) 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 468 928 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 937 856;
  • 13) 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 937 856 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 875 712;
  • 14) 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 875 712 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 147 751 424;
  • 15) 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 147 751 424 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 295 502 848;
  • 16) 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 295 502 848 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 591 005 696;
  • 17) 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 591 005 696 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 182 011 392;
  • 18) 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 182 011 392 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 364 022 784;
  • 19) 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 364 022 784 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 728 045 568;
  • 20) 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 728 045 568 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 456 091 136;
  • 21) 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 456 091 136 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 912 182 272;
  • 22) 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 912 182 272 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 824 364 544;
  • 23) 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 824 364 544 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 648 729 088;
  • 24) 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 648 729 088 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 383 297 458 176;
  • 25) 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 383 297 458 176 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 766 594 916 352;
  • 26) 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 766 594 916 352 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 533 189 832 704;
  • 27) 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 533 189 832 704 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 066 379 665 408;
  • 28) 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 066 379 665 408 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 132 759 330 816;
  • 29) 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 132 759 330 816 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 265 518 661 632;
  • 30) 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 265 518 661 632 × 2 = 0 + 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 531 037 323 264;
  • 31) 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 531 037 323 264 × 2 = 0 + 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 049 062 074 646 528;
  • 32) 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 049 062 074 646 528 × 2 = 0 + 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 098 124 149 293 056;
  • 33) 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 098 124 149 293 056 × 2 = 0 + 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 196 248 298 586 112;
  • 34) 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 196 248 298 586 112 × 2 = 0 + 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 392 496 597 172 224;
  • 35) 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 392 496 597 172 224 × 2 = 0 + 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 784 993 194 344 448;
  • 36) 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 784 993 194 344 448 × 2 = 0 + 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 569 986 388 688 896;
  • 37) 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 569 986 388 688 896 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 139 972 777 377 792;
  • 38) 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 139 972 777 377 792 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 279 945 554 755 584;
  • 39) 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 279 945 554 755 584 × 2 = 1 + 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 559 891 109 511 168;
  • 40) 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 559 891 109 511 168 × 2 = 1 + 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 119 782 219 022 336;
  • 41) 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 119 782 219 022 336 × 2 = 1 + 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 239 564 438 044 672;
  • 42) 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 239 564 438 044 672 × 2 = 1 + 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 479 128 876 089 344;
  • 43) 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 479 128 876 089 344 × 2 = 1 + 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 958 257 752 178 688;
  • 44) 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 958 257 752 178 688 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 849 916 515 504 357 376;
  • 45) 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 849 916 515 504 357 376 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 699 833 031 008 714 752;
  • 46) 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 699 833 031 008 714 752 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 399 666 062 017 429 504;
  • 47) 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 399 666 062 017 429 504 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 799 332 124 034 859 008;
  • 48) 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 799 332 124 034 859 008 × 2 = 1 + 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 598 664 248 069 718 016;
  • 49) 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 598 664 248 069 718 016 × 2 = 0 + 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 197 328 496 139 436 032;
  • 50) 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 197 328 496 139 436 032 × 2 = 0 + 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 394 656 992 278 872 064;
  • 51) 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 394 656 992 278 872 064 × 2 = 1 + 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 789 313 984 557 744 128;
  • 52) 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 789 313 984 557 744 128 × 2 = 0 + 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 578 627 969 115 488 256;
  • 53) 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 578 627 969 115 488 256 × 2 = 1 + 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 563 157 255 938 230 976 512;
  • 54) 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 563 157 255 938 230 976 512 × 2 = 0 + 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 126 314 511 876 461 953 024;
  • 55) 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 126 314 511 876 461 953 024 × 2 = 0 + 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 252 629 023 752 923 906 048;
  • 56) 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 252 629 023 752 923 906 048 × 2 = 1 + 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 505 258 047 505 847 812 096;
  • 57) 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 505 258 047 505 847 812 096 × 2 = 0 + 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 625 010 516 095 011 695 624 192;
  • 58) 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 625 010 516 095 011 695 624 192 × 2 = 1 + 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 250 021 032 190 023 391 248 384;
  • 59) 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 250 021 032 190 023 391 248 384 × 2 = 0 + 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 500 042 064 380 046 782 496 768;
  • 60) 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 500 042 064 380 046 782 496 768 × 2 = 1 + 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 125 000 084 128 760 093 564 993 536;
  • 61) 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 125 000 084 128 760 093 564 993 536 × 2 = 1 + 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 250 000 168 257 520 187 129 987 072;
  • 62) 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 250 000 168 257 520 187 129 987 072 × 2 = 0 + 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 500 000 336 515 040 374 259 974 144;
  • 63) 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 500 000 336 515 040 374 259 974 144 × 2 = 1 + 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 625 000 000 673 030 080 748 519 948 288;
  • 64) 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 625 000 000 673 030 080 748 519 948 288 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 250 000 001 346 060 161 497 039 896 576;
  • 65) 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 250 000 001 346 060 161 497 039 896 576 × 2 = 1 + 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 500 000 002 692 120 322 994 079 793 152;
  • 66) 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 500 000 002 692 120 322 994 079 793 152 × 2 = 0 + 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 125 000 000 005 384 240 645 988 159 586 304;
  • 67) 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 125 000 000 005 384 240 645 988 159 586 304 × 2 = 1 + 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 250 000 000 010 768 481 291 976 319 172 608;
  • 68) 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 250 000 000 010 768 481 291 976 319 172 608 × 2 = 1 + 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 500 000 000 021 536 962 583 952 638 345 216;
  • 69) 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 500 000 000 021 536 962 583 952 638 345 216 × 2 = 0 + 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 625 000 000 000 043 073 925 167 905 276 690 432;
  • 70) 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 625 000 000 000 043 073 925 167 905 276 690 432 × 2 = 1 + 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 250 000 000 000 086 147 850 335 810 553 380 864;
  • 71) 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 250 000 000 000 086 147 850 335 810 553 380 864 × 2 = 0 + 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 500 000 000 000 172 295 700 671 621 106 761 728;
  • 72) 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 500 000 000 000 172 295 700 671 621 106 761 728 × 2 = 1 + 0.231 159 210 205 078 125 000 000 000 000 344 591 401 343 242 213 523 456;
  • 73) 0.231 159 210 205 078 125 000 000 000 000 344 591 401 343 242 213 523 456 × 2 = 0 + 0.462 318 420 410 156 250 000 000 000 000 689 182 802 686 484 427 046 912;
  • 74) 0.462 318 420 410 156 250 000 000 000 000 689 182 802 686 484 427 046 912 × 2 = 0 + 0.924 636 840 820 312 500 000 000 000 001 378 365 605 372 968 854 093 824;
  • 75) 0.924 636 840 820 312 500 000 000 000 001 378 365 605 372 968 854 093 824 × 2 = 1 + 0.849 273 681 640 625 000 000 000 000 002 756 731 210 745 937 708 187 648;
  • 76) 0.849 273 681 640 625 000 000 000 000 002 756 731 210 745 937 708 187 648 × 2 = 1 + 0.698 547 363 281 250 000 000 000 000 005 513 462 421 491 875 416 375 296;
  • 77) 0.698 547 363 281 250 000 000 000 000 005 513 462 421 491 875 416 375 296 × 2 = 1 + 0.397 094 726 562 500 000 000 000 000 011 026 924 842 983 750 832 750 592;
  • 78) 0.397 094 726 562 500 000 000 000 000 011 026 924 842 983 750 832 750 592 × 2 = 0 + 0.794 189 453 125 000 000 000 000 000 022 053 849 685 967 501 665 501 184;
  • 79) 0.794 189 453 125 000 000 000 000 000 022 053 849 685 967 501 665 501 184 × 2 = 1 + 0.588 378 906 250 000 000 000 000 000 044 107 699 371 935 003 331 002 368;
  • 80) 0.588 378 906 250 000 000 000 000 000 044 107 699 371 935 003 331 002 368 × 2 = 1 + 0.176 757 812 500 000 000 000 000 000 088 215 398 743 870 006 662 004 736;
  • 81) 0.176 757 812 500 000 000 000 000 000 088 215 398 743 870 006 662 004 736 × 2 = 0 + 0.353 515 625 000 000 000 000 000 000 176 430 797 487 740 013 324 009 472;
  • 82) 0.353 515 625 000 000 000 000 000 000 176 430 797 487 740 013 324 009 472 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 031 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 352 861 594 975 480 026 648 018 944;
  • 83) 0.707 031 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 352 861 594 975 480 026 648 018 944 × 2 = 1 + 0.414 062 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 705 723 189 950 960 053 296 037 888;
  • 84) 0.414 062 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 705 723 189 950 960 053 296 037 888 × 2 = 0 + 0.828 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 411 446 379 901 920 106 592 075 776;
  • 85) 0.828 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 411 446 379 901 920 106 592 075 776 × 2 = 1 + 0.656 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 822 892 759 803 840 213 184 151 552;
  • 86) 0.656 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 822 892 759 803 840 213 184 151 552 × 2 = 1 + 0.312 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 005 645 785 519 607 680 426 368 303 104;
  • 87) 0.312 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 005 645 785 519 607 680 426 368 303 104 × 2 = 0 + 0.625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 011 291 571 039 215 360 852 736 606 208;
  • 88) 0.625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 011 291 571 039 215 360 852 736 606 208 × 2 = 1 + 0.250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 022 583 142 078 430 721 705 473 212 416;
  • 89) 0.250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 022 583 142 078 430 721 705 473 212 416 × 2 = 0 + 0.500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 045 166 284 156 861 443 410 946 424 832;
  • 90) 0.500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 045 166 284 156 861 443 410 946 424 832 × 2 = 1 + 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 090 332 568 313 722 886 821 892 849 664;
  • 91) 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 090 332 568 313 722 886 821 892 849 664 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 180 665 136 627 445 773 643 785 699 328;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 061(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 061(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 39 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 061(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2) × 20 =

1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010(2) × 2-39


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -39

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-39 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-39 + 1 023)(10) =

984(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 984 ÷ 2 = 492 + 0;
  • 492 ÷ 2 = 246 + 0;
  • 246 ÷ 2 = 123 + 0;
  • 123 ÷ 2 = 61 + 1;
  • 61 ÷ 2 = 30 + 1;
  • 30 ÷ 2 = 15 + 0;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

984(10) =

011 1101 1000(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010 =

1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1101 1000

Mantissa (52 bits) =
1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


Decimal number 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 061 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1101 1000 - 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100