0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 028 1 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 028 1(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 028 1(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 028 1.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 028 1 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 306 056 2;
  • 2) 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 306 056 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 612 112 4;
  • 3) 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 612 112 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 224 224 8;
  • 4) 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 224 224 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 448 449 6;
  • 5) 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 448 449 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 896 899 2;
  • 6) 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 896 899 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 793 798 4;
  • 7) 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 793 798 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 587 596 8;
  • 8) 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 587 596 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 175 193 6;
  • 9) 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 175 193 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 350 387 2;
  • 10) 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 350 387 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 700 774 4;
  • 11) 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 700 774 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 401 548 8;
  • 12) 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 401 548 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 803 097 6;
  • 13) 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 803 097 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 606 195 2;
  • 14) 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 606 195 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 147 212 390 4;
  • 15) 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 147 212 390 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 294 424 780 8;
  • 16) 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 294 424 780 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 588 849 561 6;
  • 17) 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 588 849 561 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 177 699 123 2;
  • 18) 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 177 699 123 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 355 398 246 4;
  • 19) 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 355 398 246 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 710 796 492 8;
  • 20) 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 710 796 492 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 421 592 985 6;
  • 21) 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 421 592 985 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 843 185 971 2;
  • 22) 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 843 185 971 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 686 371 942 4;
  • 23) 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 686 371 942 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 372 743 884 8;
  • 24) 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 372 743 884 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 382 745 487 769 6;
  • 25) 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 382 745 487 769 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 765 490 975 539 2;
  • 26) 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 765 490 975 539 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 530 981 951 078 4;
  • 27) 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 530 981 951 078 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 061 963 902 156 8;
  • 28) 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 061 963 902 156 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 123 927 804 313 6;
  • 29) 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 123 927 804 313 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 247 855 608 627 2;
  • 30) 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 247 855 608 627 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 495 711 217 254 4;
  • 31) 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 495 711 217 254 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 991 422 434 508 8;
  • 32) 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 991 422 434 508 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 982 844 869 017 6;
  • 33) 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 982 844 869 017 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 965 689 738 035 2;
  • 34) 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 965 689 738 035 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 931 379 476 070 4;
  • 35) 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 931 379 476 070 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 783 862 758 952 140 8;
  • 36) 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 783 862 758 952 140 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 567 725 517 904 281 6;
  • 37) 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 567 725 517 904 281 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 135 451 035 808 563 2;
  • 38) 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 135 451 035 808 563 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 270 902 071 617 126 4;
  • 39) 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 270 902 071 617 126 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 541 804 143 234 252 8;
  • 40) 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 541 804 143 234 252 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 083 608 286 468 505 6;
  • 41) 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 083 608 286 468 505 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 167 216 572 937 011 2;
  • 42) 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 167 216 572 937 011 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 334 433 145 874 022 4;
  • 43) 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 334 433 145 874 022 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 668 866 291 748 044 8;
  • 44) 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 668 866 291 748 044 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 849 337 732 583 496 089 6;
  • 45) 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 849 337 732 583 496 089 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 698 675 465 166 992 179 2;
  • 46) 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 698 675 465 166 992 179 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 397 350 930 333 984 358 4;
  • 47) 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 397 350 930 333 984 358 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 794 701 860 667 968 716 8;
  • 48) 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 794 701 860 667 968 716 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 589 403 721 335 937 433 6;
  • 49) 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 589 403 721 335 937 433 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 178 807 442 671 874 867 2;
  • 50) 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 178 807 442 671 874 867 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 357 614 885 343 749 734 4;
  • 51) 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 357 614 885 343 749 734 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 715 229 770 687 499 468 8;
  • 52) 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 715 229 770 687 499 468 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 430 459 541 374 998 937 6;
  • 53) 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 430 459 541 374 998 937 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 860 919 082 749 997 875 2;
  • 54) 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 860 919 082 749 997 875 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 125 721 838 165 499 995 750 4;
  • 55) 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 125 721 838 165 499 995 750 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 251 443 676 330 999 991 500 8;
  • 56) 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 251 443 676 330 999 991 500 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 502 887 352 661 999 983 001 6;
  • 57) 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 502 887 352 661 999 983 001 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 625 005 774 705 323 999 966 003 2;
  • 58) 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 625 005 774 705 323 999 966 003 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 250 011 549 410 647 999 932 006 4;
  • 59) 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 250 011 549 410 647 999 932 006 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 500 023 098 821 295 999 864 012 8;
  • 60) 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 500 023 098 821 295 999 864 012 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 125 000 046 197 642 591 999 728 025 6;
  • 61) 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 125 000 046 197 642 591 999 728 025 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 250 000 092 395 285 183 999 456 051 2;
  • 62) 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 250 000 092 395 285 183 999 456 051 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 500 000 184 790 570 367 998 912 102 4;
  • 63) 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 500 000 184 790 570 367 998 912 102 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 625 000 000 369 581 140 735 997 824 204 8;
  • 64) 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 625 000 000 369 581 140 735 997 824 204 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 250 000 000 739 162 281 471 995 648 409 6;
  • 65) 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 250 000 000 739 162 281 471 995 648 409 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 500 000 001 478 324 562 943 991 296 819 2;
  • 66) 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 500 000 001 478 324 562 943 991 296 819 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 125 000 000 002 956 649 125 887 982 593 638 4;
  • 67) 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 125 000 000 002 956 649 125 887 982 593 638 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 250 000 000 005 913 298 251 775 965 187 276 8;
  • 68) 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 250 000 000 005 913 298 251 775 965 187 276 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 500 000 000 011 826 596 503 551 930 374 553 6;
  • 69) 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 500 000 000 011 826 596 503 551 930 374 553 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 625 000 000 000 023 653 193 007 103 860 749 107 2;
  • 70) 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 625 000 000 000 023 653 193 007 103 860 749 107 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 250 000 000 000 047 306 386 014 207 721 498 214 4;
  • 71) 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 250 000 000 000 047 306 386 014 207 721 498 214 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 500 000 000 000 094 612 772 028 415 442 996 428 8;
  • 72) 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 500 000 000 000 094 612 772 028 415 442 996 428 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.231 159 210 205 078 125 000 000 000 000 189 225 544 056 830 885 992 857 6;
  • 73) 0.231 159 210 205 078 125 000 000 000 000 189 225 544 056 830 885 992 857 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.462 318 420 410 156 250 000 000 000 000 378 451 088 113 661 771 985 715 2;
  • 74) 0.462 318 420 410 156 250 000 000 000 000 378 451 088 113 661 771 985 715 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.924 636 840 820 312 500 000 000 000 000 756 902 176 227 323 543 971 430 4;
  • 75) 0.924 636 840 820 312 500 000 000 000 000 756 902 176 227 323 543 971 430 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.849 273 681 640 625 000 000 000 000 001 513 804 352 454 647 087 942 860 8;
  • 76) 0.849 273 681 640 625 000 000 000 000 001 513 804 352 454 647 087 942 860 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.698 547 363 281 250 000 000 000 000 003 027 608 704 909 294 175 885 721 6;
  • 77) 0.698 547 363 281 250 000 000 000 000 003 027 608 704 909 294 175 885 721 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.397 094 726 562 500 000 000 000 000 006 055 217 409 818 588 351 771 443 2;
  • 78) 0.397 094 726 562 500 000 000 000 000 006 055 217 409 818 588 351 771 443 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.794 189 453 125 000 000 000 000 000 012 110 434 819 637 176 703 542 886 4;
  • 79) 0.794 189 453 125 000 000 000 000 000 012 110 434 819 637 176 703 542 886 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.588 378 906 250 000 000 000 000 000 024 220 869 639 274 353 407 085 772 8;
  • 80) 0.588 378 906 250 000 000 000 000 000 024 220 869 639 274 353 407 085 772 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.176 757 812 500 000 000 000 000 000 048 441 739 278 548 706 814 171 545 6;
  • 81) 0.176 757 812 500 000 000 000 000 000 048 441 739 278 548 706 814 171 545 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.353 515 625 000 000 000 000 000 000 096 883 478 557 097 413 628 343 091 2;
  • 82) 0.353 515 625 000 000 000 000 000 000 096 883 478 557 097 413 628 343 091 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 031 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 193 766 957 114 194 827 256 686 182 4;
  • 83) 0.707 031 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 193 766 957 114 194 827 256 686 182 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.414 062 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 387 533 914 228 389 654 513 372 364 8;
  • 84) 0.414 062 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 387 533 914 228 389 654 513 372 364 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.828 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 775 067 828 456 779 309 026 744 729 6;
  • 85) 0.828 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 775 067 828 456 779 309 026 744 729 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.656 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 550 135 656 913 558 618 053 489 459 2;
  • 86) 0.656 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 550 135 656 913 558 618 053 489 459 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.312 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 003 100 271 313 827 117 236 106 978 918 4;
  • 87) 0.312 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 003 100 271 313 827 117 236 106 978 918 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 006 200 542 627 654 234 472 213 957 836 8;
  • 88) 0.625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 006 200 542 627 654 234 472 213 957 836 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 012 401 085 255 308 468 944 427 915 673 6;
  • 89) 0.250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 012 401 085 255 308 468 944 427 915 673 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 024 802 170 510 616 937 888 855 831 347 2;
  • 90) 0.500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 024 802 170 510 616 937 888 855 831 347 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 049 604 341 021 233 875 777 711 662 694 4;
  • 91) 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 049 604 341 021 233 875 777 711 662 694 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 099 208 682 042 467 751 555 423 325 388 8;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 028 1(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 028 1(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 39 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 028 1(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2) × 20 =

1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010(2) × 2-39


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -39

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-39 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-39 + 1 023)(10) =

984(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 984 ÷ 2 = 492 + 0;
  • 492 ÷ 2 = 246 + 0;
  • 246 ÷ 2 = 123 + 0;
  • 123 ÷ 2 = 61 + 1;
  • 61 ÷ 2 = 30 + 1;
  • 30 ÷ 2 = 15 + 0;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

984(10) =

011 1101 1000(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010 =

1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1101 1000

Mantissa (52 bits) =
1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


Decimal number 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 028 1 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1101 1000 - 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100