0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 028 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 028(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 028(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 028.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 028 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 306 056;
  • 2) 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 306 056 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 612 112;
  • 3) 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 612 112 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 224 224;
  • 4) 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 224 224 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 448 448;
  • 5) 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 448 448 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 896 896;
  • 6) 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 896 896 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 793 792;
  • 7) 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 793 792 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 587 584;
  • 8) 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 587 584 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 175 168;
  • 9) 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 175 168 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 350 336;
  • 10) 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 350 336 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 700 672;
  • 11) 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 700 672 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 401 344;
  • 12) 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 401 344 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 802 688;
  • 13) 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 802 688 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 605 376;
  • 14) 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 605 376 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 147 210 752;
  • 15) 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 147 210 752 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 294 421 504;
  • 16) 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 294 421 504 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 588 843 008;
  • 17) 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 588 843 008 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 177 686 016;
  • 18) 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 177 686 016 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 355 372 032;
  • 19) 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 355 372 032 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 710 744 064;
  • 20) 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 710 744 064 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 421 488 128;
  • 21) 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 421 488 128 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 842 976 256;
  • 22) 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 842 976 256 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 685 952 512;
  • 23) 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 685 952 512 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 371 905 024;
  • 24) 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 371 905 024 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 382 743 810 048;
  • 25) 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 382 743 810 048 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 765 487 620 096;
  • 26) 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 765 487 620 096 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 530 975 240 192;
  • 27) 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 530 975 240 192 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 061 950 480 384;
  • 28) 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 061 950 480 384 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 123 900 960 768;
  • 29) 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 123 900 960 768 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 247 801 921 536;
  • 30) 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 247 801 921 536 × 2 = 0 + 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 495 603 843 072;
  • 31) 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 495 603 843 072 × 2 = 0 + 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 991 207 686 144;
  • 32) 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 991 207 686 144 × 2 = 0 + 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 982 415 372 288;
  • 33) 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 982 415 372 288 × 2 = 0 + 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 964 830 744 576;
  • 34) 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 964 830 744 576 × 2 = 0 + 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 929 661 489 152;
  • 35) 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 929 661 489 152 × 2 = 0 + 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 783 859 322 978 304;
  • 36) 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 783 859 322 978 304 × 2 = 0 + 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 567 718 645 956 608;
  • 37) 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 567 718 645 956 608 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 135 437 291 913 216;
  • 38) 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 135 437 291 913 216 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 270 874 583 826 432;
  • 39) 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 270 874 583 826 432 × 2 = 1 + 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 541 749 167 652 864;
  • 40) 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 541 749 167 652 864 × 2 = 1 + 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 083 498 335 305 728;
  • 41) 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 083 498 335 305 728 × 2 = 1 + 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 166 996 670 611 456;
  • 42) 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 166 996 670 611 456 × 2 = 1 + 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 333 993 341 222 912;
  • 43) 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 333 993 341 222 912 × 2 = 1 + 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 667 986 682 445 824;
  • 44) 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 667 986 682 445 824 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 849 335 973 364 891 648;
  • 45) 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 849 335 973 364 891 648 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 698 671 946 729 783 296;
  • 46) 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 698 671 946 729 783 296 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 397 343 893 459 566 592;
  • 47) 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 397 343 893 459 566 592 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 794 687 786 919 133 184;
  • 48) 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 794 687 786 919 133 184 × 2 = 1 + 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 589 375 573 838 266 368;
  • 49) 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 589 375 573 838 266 368 × 2 = 0 + 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 178 751 147 676 532 736;
  • 50) 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 178 751 147 676 532 736 × 2 = 0 + 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 357 502 295 353 065 472;
  • 51) 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 357 502 295 353 065 472 × 2 = 1 + 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 715 004 590 706 130 944;
  • 52) 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 715 004 590 706 130 944 × 2 = 0 + 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 430 009 181 412 261 888;
  • 53) 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 430 009 181 412 261 888 × 2 = 1 + 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 860 018 362 824 523 776;
  • 54) 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 860 018 362 824 523 776 × 2 = 0 + 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 125 720 036 725 649 047 552;
  • 55) 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 125 720 036 725 649 047 552 × 2 = 0 + 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 251 440 073 451 298 095 104;
  • 56) 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 251 440 073 451 298 095 104 × 2 = 1 + 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 502 880 146 902 596 190 208;
  • 57) 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 502 880 146 902 596 190 208 × 2 = 0 + 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 625 005 760 293 805 192 380 416;
  • 58) 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 625 005 760 293 805 192 380 416 × 2 = 1 + 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 250 011 520 587 610 384 760 832;
  • 59) 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 250 011 520 587 610 384 760 832 × 2 = 0 + 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 500 023 041 175 220 769 521 664;
  • 60) 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 500 023 041 175 220 769 521 664 × 2 = 1 + 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 125 000 046 082 350 441 539 043 328;
  • 61) 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 125 000 046 082 350 441 539 043 328 × 2 = 1 + 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 250 000 092 164 700 883 078 086 656;
  • 62) 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 250 000 092 164 700 883 078 086 656 × 2 = 0 + 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 500 000 184 329 401 766 156 173 312;
  • 63) 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 500 000 184 329 401 766 156 173 312 × 2 = 1 + 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 625 000 000 368 658 803 532 312 346 624;
  • 64) 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 625 000 000 368 658 803 532 312 346 624 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 250 000 000 737 317 607 064 624 693 248;
  • 65) 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 250 000 000 737 317 607 064 624 693 248 × 2 = 1 + 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 500 000 001 474 635 214 129 249 386 496;
  • 66) 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 500 000 001 474 635 214 129 249 386 496 × 2 = 0 + 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 125 000 000 002 949 270 428 258 498 772 992;
  • 67) 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 125 000 000 002 949 270 428 258 498 772 992 × 2 = 1 + 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 250 000 000 005 898 540 856 516 997 545 984;
  • 68) 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 250 000 000 005 898 540 856 516 997 545 984 × 2 = 1 + 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 500 000 000 011 797 081 713 033 995 091 968;
  • 69) 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 500 000 000 011 797 081 713 033 995 091 968 × 2 = 0 + 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 625 000 000 000 023 594 163 426 067 990 183 936;
  • 70) 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 625 000 000 000 023 594 163 426 067 990 183 936 × 2 = 1 + 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 250 000 000 000 047 188 326 852 135 980 367 872;
  • 71) 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 250 000 000 000 047 188 326 852 135 980 367 872 × 2 = 0 + 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 500 000 000 000 094 376 653 704 271 960 735 744;
  • 72) 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 500 000 000 000 094 376 653 704 271 960 735 744 × 2 = 1 + 0.231 159 210 205 078 125 000 000 000 000 188 753 307 408 543 921 471 488;
  • 73) 0.231 159 210 205 078 125 000 000 000 000 188 753 307 408 543 921 471 488 × 2 = 0 + 0.462 318 420 410 156 250 000 000 000 000 377 506 614 817 087 842 942 976;
  • 74) 0.462 318 420 410 156 250 000 000 000 000 377 506 614 817 087 842 942 976 × 2 = 0 + 0.924 636 840 820 312 500 000 000 000 000 755 013 229 634 175 685 885 952;
  • 75) 0.924 636 840 820 312 500 000 000 000 000 755 013 229 634 175 685 885 952 × 2 = 1 + 0.849 273 681 640 625 000 000 000 000 001 510 026 459 268 351 371 771 904;
  • 76) 0.849 273 681 640 625 000 000 000 000 001 510 026 459 268 351 371 771 904 × 2 = 1 + 0.698 547 363 281 250 000 000 000 000 003 020 052 918 536 702 743 543 808;
  • 77) 0.698 547 363 281 250 000 000 000 000 003 020 052 918 536 702 743 543 808 × 2 = 1 + 0.397 094 726 562 500 000 000 000 000 006 040 105 837 073 405 487 087 616;
  • 78) 0.397 094 726 562 500 000 000 000 000 006 040 105 837 073 405 487 087 616 × 2 = 0 + 0.794 189 453 125 000 000 000 000 000 012 080 211 674 146 810 974 175 232;
  • 79) 0.794 189 453 125 000 000 000 000 000 012 080 211 674 146 810 974 175 232 × 2 = 1 + 0.588 378 906 250 000 000 000 000 000 024 160 423 348 293 621 948 350 464;
  • 80) 0.588 378 906 250 000 000 000 000 000 024 160 423 348 293 621 948 350 464 × 2 = 1 + 0.176 757 812 500 000 000 000 000 000 048 320 846 696 587 243 896 700 928;
  • 81) 0.176 757 812 500 000 000 000 000 000 048 320 846 696 587 243 896 700 928 × 2 = 0 + 0.353 515 625 000 000 000 000 000 000 096 641 693 393 174 487 793 401 856;
  • 82) 0.353 515 625 000 000 000 000 000 000 096 641 693 393 174 487 793 401 856 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 031 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 193 283 386 786 348 975 586 803 712;
  • 83) 0.707 031 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 193 283 386 786 348 975 586 803 712 × 2 = 1 + 0.414 062 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 386 566 773 572 697 951 173 607 424;
  • 84) 0.414 062 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 386 566 773 572 697 951 173 607 424 × 2 = 0 + 0.828 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 773 133 547 145 395 902 347 214 848;
  • 85) 0.828 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 773 133 547 145 395 902 347 214 848 × 2 = 1 + 0.656 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 546 267 094 290 791 804 694 429 696;
  • 86) 0.656 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 546 267 094 290 791 804 694 429 696 × 2 = 1 + 0.312 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 003 092 534 188 581 583 609 388 859 392;
  • 87) 0.312 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 003 092 534 188 581 583 609 388 859 392 × 2 = 0 + 0.625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 006 185 068 377 163 167 218 777 718 784;
  • 88) 0.625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 006 185 068 377 163 167 218 777 718 784 × 2 = 1 + 0.250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 012 370 136 754 326 334 437 555 437 568;
  • 89) 0.250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 012 370 136 754 326 334 437 555 437 568 × 2 = 0 + 0.500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 024 740 273 508 652 668 875 110 875 136;
  • 90) 0.500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 024 740 273 508 652 668 875 110 875 136 × 2 = 1 + 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 049 480 547 017 305 337 750 221 750 272;
  • 91) 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 049 480 547 017 305 337 750 221 750 272 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 098 961 094 034 610 675 500 443 500 544;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 028(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 028(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 39 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 028(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2) × 20 =

1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010(2) × 2-39


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -39

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-39 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-39 + 1 023)(10) =

984(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 984 ÷ 2 = 492 + 0;
  • 492 ÷ 2 = 246 + 0;
  • 246 ÷ 2 = 123 + 0;
  • 123 ÷ 2 = 61 + 1;
  • 61 ÷ 2 = 30 + 1;
  • 30 ÷ 2 = 15 + 0;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

984(10) =

011 1101 1000(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010 =

1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1101 1000

Mantissa (52 bits) =
1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


Decimal number 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 028 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1101 1000 - 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100