0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 002 3 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 002 3(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 002 3(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 002 3.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 002 3 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 306 004 6;
  • 2) 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 306 004 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 612 009 2;
  • 3) 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 612 009 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 224 018 4;
  • 4) 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 224 018 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 448 036 8;
  • 5) 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 448 036 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 896 073 6;
  • 6) 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 896 073 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 792 147 2;
  • 7) 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 792 147 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 584 294 4;
  • 8) 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 584 294 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 168 588 8;
  • 9) 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 168 588 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 337 177 6;
  • 10) 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 337 177 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 674 355 2;
  • 11) 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 674 355 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 348 710 4;
  • 12) 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 348 710 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 697 420 8;
  • 13) 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 697 420 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 394 841 6;
  • 14) 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 394 841 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 146 789 683 2;
  • 15) 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 146 789 683 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 293 579 366 4;
  • 16) 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 293 579 366 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 587 158 732 8;
  • 17) 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 587 158 732 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 174 317 465 6;
  • 18) 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 174 317 465 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 348 634 931 2;
  • 19) 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 348 634 931 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 697 269 862 4;
  • 20) 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 697 269 862 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 394 539 724 8;
  • 21) 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 394 539 724 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 789 079 449 6;
  • 22) 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 789 079 449 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 578 158 899 2;
  • 23) 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 578 158 899 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 156 317 798 4;
  • 24) 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 156 317 798 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 382 312 635 596 8;
  • 25) 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 382 312 635 596 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 764 625 271 193 6;
  • 26) 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 764 625 271 193 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 529 250 542 387 2;
  • 27) 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 529 250 542 387 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 058 501 084 774 4;
  • 28) 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 058 501 084 774 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 117 002 169 548 8;
  • 29) 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 117 002 169 548 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 234 004 339 097 6;
  • 30) 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 234 004 339 097 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 468 008 678 195 2;
  • 31) 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 468 008 678 195 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 936 017 356 390 4;
  • 32) 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 936 017 356 390 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 872 034 712 780 8;
  • 33) 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 872 034 712 780 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 744 069 425 561 6;
  • 34) 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 744 069 425 561 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 488 138 851 123 2;
  • 35) 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 488 138 851 123 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 782 976 277 702 246 4;
  • 36) 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 782 976 277 702 246 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 565 952 555 404 492 8;
  • 37) 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 565 952 555 404 492 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 131 905 110 808 985 6;
  • 38) 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 131 905 110 808 985 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 263 810 221 617 971 2;
  • 39) 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 263 810 221 617 971 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 527 620 443 235 942 4;
  • 40) 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 527 620 443 235 942 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 055 240 886 471 884 8;
  • 41) 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 055 240 886 471 884 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 110 481 772 943 769 6;
  • 42) 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 110 481 772 943 769 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 220 963 545 887 539 2;
  • 43) 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 220 963 545 887 539 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 441 927 091 775 078 4;
  • 44) 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 441 927 091 775 078 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 848 883 854 183 550 156 8;
  • 45) 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 848 883 854 183 550 156 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 697 767 708 367 100 313 6;
  • 46) 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 697 767 708 367 100 313 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 395 535 416 734 200 627 2;
  • 47) 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 395 535 416 734 200 627 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 791 070 833 468 401 254 4;
  • 48) 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 791 070 833 468 401 254 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 582 141 666 936 802 508 8;
  • 49) 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 582 141 666 936 802 508 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 164 283 333 873 605 017 6;
  • 50) 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 164 283 333 873 605 017 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 328 566 667 747 210 035 2;
  • 51) 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 328 566 667 747 210 035 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 657 133 335 494 420 070 4;
  • 52) 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 657 133 335 494 420 070 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 314 266 670 988 840 140 8;
  • 53) 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 314 266 670 988 840 140 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 628 533 341 977 680 281 6;
  • 54) 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 628 533 341 977 680 281 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 125 257 066 683 955 360 563 2;
  • 55) 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 125 257 066 683 955 360 563 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 250 514 133 367 910 721 126 4;
  • 56) 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 250 514 133 367 910 721 126 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 501 028 266 735 821 442 252 8;
  • 57) 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 501 028 266 735 821 442 252 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 625 002 056 533 471 642 884 505 6;
  • 58) 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 625 002 056 533 471 642 884 505 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 250 004 113 066 943 285 769 011 2;
  • 59) 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 250 004 113 066 943 285 769 011 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 500 008 226 133 886 571 538 022 4;
  • 60) 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 500 008 226 133 886 571 538 022 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 125 000 016 452 267 773 143 076 044 8;
  • 61) 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 125 000 016 452 267 773 143 076 044 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 250 000 032 904 535 546 286 152 089 6;
  • 62) 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 250 000 032 904 535 546 286 152 089 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 500 000 065 809 071 092 572 304 179 2;
  • 63) 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 500 000 065 809 071 092 572 304 179 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 625 000 000 131 618 142 185 144 608 358 4;
  • 64) 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 625 000 000 131 618 142 185 144 608 358 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 250 000 000 263 236 284 370 289 216 716 8;
  • 65) 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 250 000 000 263 236 284 370 289 216 716 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 500 000 000 526 472 568 740 578 433 433 6;
  • 66) 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 500 000 000 526 472 568 740 578 433 433 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 125 000 000 001 052 945 137 481 156 866 867 2;
  • 67) 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 125 000 000 001 052 945 137 481 156 866 867 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 250 000 000 002 105 890 274 962 313 733 734 4;
  • 68) 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 250 000 000 002 105 890 274 962 313 733 734 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 500 000 000 004 211 780 549 924 627 467 468 8;
  • 69) 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 500 000 000 004 211 780 549 924 627 467 468 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 625 000 000 000 008 423 561 099 849 254 934 937 6;
  • 70) 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 625 000 000 000 008 423 561 099 849 254 934 937 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 250 000 000 000 016 847 122 199 698 509 869 875 2;
  • 71) 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 250 000 000 000 016 847 122 199 698 509 869 875 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 500 000 000 000 033 694 244 399 397 019 739 750 4;
  • 72) 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 500 000 000 000 033 694 244 399 397 019 739 750 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.231 159 210 205 078 125 000 000 000 000 067 388 488 798 794 039 479 500 8;
  • 73) 0.231 159 210 205 078 125 000 000 000 000 067 388 488 798 794 039 479 500 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.462 318 420 410 156 250 000 000 000 000 134 776 977 597 588 078 959 001 6;
  • 74) 0.462 318 420 410 156 250 000 000 000 000 134 776 977 597 588 078 959 001 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.924 636 840 820 312 500 000 000 000 000 269 553 955 195 176 157 918 003 2;
  • 75) 0.924 636 840 820 312 500 000 000 000 000 269 553 955 195 176 157 918 003 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.849 273 681 640 625 000 000 000 000 000 539 107 910 390 352 315 836 006 4;
  • 76) 0.849 273 681 640 625 000 000 000 000 000 539 107 910 390 352 315 836 006 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.698 547 363 281 250 000 000 000 000 001 078 215 820 780 704 631 672 012 8;
  • 77) 0.698 547 363 281 250 000 000 000 000 001 078 215 820 780 704 631 672 012 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.397 094 726 562 500 000 000 000 000 002 156 431 641 561 409 263 344 025 6;
  • 78) 0.397 094 726 562 500 000 000 000 000 002 156 431 641 561 409 263 344 025 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.794 189 453 125 000 000 000 000 000 004 312 863 283 122 818 526 688 051 2;
  • 79) 0.794 189 453 125 000 000 000 000 000 004 312 863 283 122 818 526 688 051 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.588 378 906 250 000 000 000 000 000 008 625 726 566 245 637 053 376 102 4;
  • 80) 0.588 378 906 250 000 000 000 000 000 008 625 726 566 245 637 053 376 102 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.176 757 812 500 000 000 000 000 000 017 251 453 132 491 274 106 752 204 8;
  • 81) 0.176 757 812 500 000 000 000 000 000 017 251 453 132 491 274 106 752 204 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.353 515 625 000 000 000 000 000 000 034 502 906 264 982 548 213 504 409 6;
  • 82) 0.353 515 625 000 000 000 000 000 000 034 502 906 264 982 548 213 504 409 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 031 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 069 005 812 529 965 096 427 008 819 2;
  • 83) 0.707 031 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 069 005 812 529 965 096 427 008 819 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.414 062 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 138 011 625 059 930 192 854 017 638 4;
  • 84) 0.414 062 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 138 011 625 059 930 192 854 017 638 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.828 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 276 023 250 119 860 385 708 035 276 8;
  • 85) 0.828 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 276 023 250 119 860 385 708 035 276 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.656 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 552 046 500 239 720 771 416 070 553 6;
  • 86) 0.656 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 552 046 500 239 720 771 416 070 553 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.312 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 104 093 000 479 441 542 832 141 107 2;
  • 87) 0.312 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 104 093 000 479 441 542 832 141 107 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 208 186 000 958 883 085 664 282 214 4;
  • 88) 0.625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 208 186 000 958 883 085 664 282 214 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 004 416 372 001 917 766 171 328 564 428 8;
  • 89) 0.250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 004 416 372 001 917 766 171 328 564 428 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 008 832 744 003 835 532 342 657 128 857 6;
  • 90) 0.500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 008 832 744 003 835 532 342 657 128 857 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 017 665 488 007 671 064 685 314 257 715 2;
  • 91) 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 017 665 488 007 671 064 685 314 257 715 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 035 330 976 015 342 129 370 628 515 430 4;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 002 3(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 002 3(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 39 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 002 3(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2) × 20 =

1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010(2) × 2-39


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -39

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-39 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-39 + 1 023)(10) =

984(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 984 ÷ 2 = 492 + 0;
  • 492 ÷ 2 = 246 + 0;
  • 246 ÷ 2 = 123 + 0;
  • 123 ÷ 2 = 61 + 1;
  • 61 ÷ 2 = 30 + 1;
  • 30 ÷ 2 = 15 + 0;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

984(10) =

011 1101 1000(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010 =

1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1101 1000

Mantissa (52 bits) =
1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


Decimal number 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 153 002 3 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1101 1000 - 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100