0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 996 2 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 996 2(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 996 2(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 996 2.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 996 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 305 992 4;
  • 2) 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 305 992 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 611 984 8;
  • 3) 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 611 984 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 223 969 6;
  • 4) 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 223 969 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 447 939 2;
  • 5) 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 447 939 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 895 878 4;
  • 6) 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 895 878 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 791 756 8;
  • 7) 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 791 756 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 583 513 6;
  • 8) 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 583 513 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 167 027 2;
  • 9) 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 167 027 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 334 054 4;
  • 10) 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 334 054 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 668 108 8;
  • 11) 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 668 108 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 336 217 6;
  • 12) 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 336 217 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 672 435 2;
  • 13) 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 672 435 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 344 870 4;
  • 14) 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 344 870 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 146 689 740 8;
  • 15) 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 146 689 740 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 293 379 481 6;
  • 16) 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 293 379 481 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 586 758 963 2;
  • 17) 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 586 758 963 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 173 517 926 4;
  • 18) 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 173 517 926 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 347 035 852 8;
  • 19) 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 347 035 852 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 694 071 705 6;
  • 20) 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 694 071 705 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 388 143 411 2;
  • 21) 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 388 143 411 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 776 286 822 4;
  • 22) 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 776 286 822 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 552 573 644 8;
  • 23) 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 552 573 644 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 105 147 289 6;
  • 24) 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 105 147 289 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 382 210 294 579 2;
  • 25) 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 382 210 294 579 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 764 420 589 158 4;
  • 26) 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 764 420 589 158 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 528 841 178 316 8;
  • 27) 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 528 841 178 316 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 057 682 356 633 6;
  • 28) 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 057 682 356 633 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 115 364 713 267 2;
  • 29) 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 115 364 713 267 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 230 729 426 534 4;
  • 30) 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 230 729 426 534 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 461 458 853 068 8;
  • 31) 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 461 458 853 068 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 922 917 706 137 6;
  • 32) 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 922 917 706 137 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 845 835 412 275 2;
  • 33) 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 845 835 412 275 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 691 670 824 550 4;
  • 34) 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 691 670 824 550 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 383 341 649 100 8;
  • 35) 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 383 341 649 100 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 782 766 683 298 201 6;
  • 36) 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 782 766 683 298 201 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 565 533 366 596 403 2;
  • 37) 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 565 533 366 596 403 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 131 066 733 192 806 4;
  • 38) 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 131 066 733 192 806 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 262 133 466 385 612 8;
  • 39) 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 262 133 466 385 612 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 524 266 932 771 225 6;
  • 40) 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 524 266 932 771 225 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 048 533 865 542 451 2;
  • 41) 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 048 533 865 542 451 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 097 067 731 084 902 4;
  • 42) 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 097 067 731 084 902 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 194 135 462 169 804 8;
  • 43) 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 194 135 462 169 804 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 388 270 924 339 609 6;
  • 44) 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 388 270 924 339 609 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 848 776 541 848 679 219 2;
  • 45) 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 848 776 541 848 679 219 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 697 553 083 697 358 438 4;
  • 46) 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 697 553 083 697 358 438 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 395 106 167 394 716 876 8;
  • 47) 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 395 106 167 394 716 876 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 790 212 334 789 433 753 6;
  • 48) 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 790 212 334 789 433 753 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 580 424 669 578 867 507 2;
  • 49) 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 580 424 669 578 867 507 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 160 849 339 157 735 014 4;
  • 50) 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 160 849 339 157 735 014 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 321 698 678 315 470 028 8;
  • 51) 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 321 698 678 315 470 028 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 643 397 356 630 940 057 6;
  • 52) 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 643 397 356 630 940 057 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 286 794 713 261 880 115 2;
  • 53) 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 286 794 713 261 880 115 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 573 589 426 523 760 230 4;
  • 54) 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 573 589 426 523 760 230 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 125 147 178 853 047 520 460 8;
  • 55) 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 125 147 178 853 047 520 460 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 250 294 357 706 095 040 921 6;
  • 56) 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 250 294 357 706 095 040 921 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 500 588 715 412 190 081 843 2;
  • 57) 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 500 588 715 412 190 081 843 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 625 001 177 430 824 380 163 686 4;
  • 58) 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 625 001 177 430 824 380 163 686 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 250 002 354 861 648 760 327 372 8;
  • 59) 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 250 002 354 861 648 760 327 372 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 500 004 709 723 297 520 654 745 6;
  • 60) 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 500 004 709 723 297 520 654 745 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 125 000 009 419 446 595 041 309 491 2;
  • 61) 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 125 000 009 419 446 595 041 309 491 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 250 000 018 838 893 190 082 618 982 4;
  • 62) 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 250 000 018 838 893 190 082 618 982 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 500 000 037 677 786 380 165 237 964 8;
  • 63) 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 500 000 037 677 786 380 165 237 964 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 625 000 000 075 355 572 760 330 475 929 6;
  • 64) 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 625 000 000 075 355 572 760 330 475 929 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 250 000 000 150 711 145 520 660 951 859 2;
  • 65) 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 250 000 000 150 711 145 520 660 951 859 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 500 000 000 301 422 291 041 321 903 718 4;
  • 66) 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 500 000 000 301 422 291 041 321 903 718 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 125 000 000 000 602 844 582 082 643 807 436 8;
  • 67) 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 125 000 000 000 602 844 582 082 643 807 436 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 250 000 000 001 205 689 164 165 287 614 873 6;
  • 68) 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 250 000 000 001 205 689 164 165 287 614 873 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 500 000 000 002 411 378 328 330 575 229 747 2;
  • 69) 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 500 000 000 002 411 378 328 330 575 229 747 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 625 000 000 000 004 822 756 656 661 150 459 494 4;
  • 70) 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 625 000 000 000 004 822 756 656 661 150 459 494 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 250 000 000 000 009 645 513 313 322 300 918 988 8;
  • 71) 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 250 000 000 000 009 645 513 313 322 300 918 988 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 500 000 000 000 019 291 026 626 644 601 837 977 6;
  • 72) 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 500 000 000 000 019 291 026 626 644 601 837 977 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.231 159 210 205 078 125 000 000 000 000 038 582 053 253 289 203 675 955 2;
  • 73) 0.231 159 210 205 078 125 000 000 000 000 038 582 053 253 289 203 675 955 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.462 318 420 410 156 250 000 000 000 000 077 164 106 506 578 407 351 910 4;
  • 74) 0.462 318 420 410 156 250 000 000 000 000 077 164 106 506 578 407 351 910 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.924 636 840 820 312 500 000 000 000 000 154 328 213 013 156 814 703 820 8;
  • 75) 0.924 636 840 820 312 500 000 000 000 000 154 328 213 013 156 814 703 820 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.849 273 681 640 625 000 000 000 000 000 308 656 426 026 313 629 407 641 6;
  • 76) 0.849 273 681 640 625 000 000 000 000 000 308 656 426 026 313 629 407 641 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.698 547 363 281 250 000 000 000 000 000 617 312 852 052 627 258 815 283 2;
  • 77) 0.698 547 363 281 250 000 000 000 000 000 617 312 852 052 627 258 815 283 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.397 094 726 562 500 000 000 000 000 001 234 625 704 105 254 517 630 566 4;
  • 78) 0.397 094 726 562 500 000 000 000 000 001 234 625 704 105 254 517 630 566 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.794 189 453 125 000 000 000 000 000 002 469 251 408 210 509 035 261 132 8;
  • 79) 0.794 189 453 125 000 000 000 000 000 002 469 251 408 210 509 035 261 132 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.588 378 906 250 000 000 000 000 000 004 938 502 816 421 018 070 522 265 6;
  • 80) 0.588 378 906 250 000 000 000 000 000 004 938 502 816 421 018 070 522 265 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.176 757 812 500 000 000 000 000 000 009 877 005 632 842 036 141 044 531 2;
  • 81) 0.176 757 812 500 000 000 000 000 000 009 877 005 632 842 036 141 044 531 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.353 515 625 000 000 000 000 000 000 019 754 011 265 684 072 282 089 062 4;
  • 82) 0.353 515 625 000 000 000 000 000 000 019 754 011 265 684 072 282 089 062 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 031 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 039 508 022 531 368 144 564 178 124 8;
  • 83) 0.707 031 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 039 508 022 531 368 144 564 178 124 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.414 062 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 079 016 045 062 736 289 128 356 249 6;
  • 84) 0.414 062 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 079 016 045 062 736 289 128 356 249 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.828 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 158 032 090 125 472 578 256 712 499 2;
  • 85) 0.828 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 158 032 090 125 472 578 256 712 499 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.656 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 316 064 180 250 945 156 513 424 998 4;
  • 86) 0.656 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 316 064 180 250 945 156 513 424 998 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.312 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 632 128 360 501 890 313 026 849 996 8;
  • 87) 0.312 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 632 128 360 501 890 313 026 849 996 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 264 256 721 003 780 626 053 699 993 6;
  • 88) 0.625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 264 256 721 003 780 626 053 699 993 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 528 513 442 007 561 252 107 399 987 2;
  • 89) 0.250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 528 513 442 007 561 252 107 399 987 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 005 057 026 884 015 122 504 214 799 974 4;
  • 90) 0.500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 005 057 026 884 015 122 504 214 799 974 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 010 114 053 768 030 245 008 429 599 948 8;
  • 91) 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 010 114 053 768 030 245 008 429 599 948 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 020 228 107 536 060 490 016 859 199 897 6;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 996 2(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 996 2(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 39 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 996 2(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2) × 20 =

1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010(2) × 2-39


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -39

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-39 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-39 + 1 023)(10) =

984(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 984 ÷ 2 = 492 + 0;
  • 492 ÷ 2 = 246 + 0;
  • 246 ÷ 2 = 123 + 0;
  • 123 ÷ 2 = 61 + 1;
  • 61 ÷ 2 = 30 + 1;
  • 30 ÷ 2 = 15 + 0;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

984(10) =

011 1101 1000(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010 =

1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1101 1000

Mantissa (52 bits) =
1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


Decimal number 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 996 2 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1101 1000 - 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100