0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 134 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 134(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 134(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 134.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 134 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 305 976 268;
  • 2) 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 305 976 268 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 611 952 536;
  • 3) 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 611 952 536 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 223 905 072;
  • 4) 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 223 905 072 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 447 810 144;
  • 5) 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 447 810 144 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 895 620 288;
  • 6) 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 895 620 288 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 791 240 576;
  • 7) 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 791 240 576 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 582 481 152;
  • 8) 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 582 481 152 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 164 962 304;
  • 9) 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 164 962 304 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 329 924 608;
  • 10) 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 329 924 608 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 659 849 216;
  • 11) 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 659 849 216 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 319 698 432;
  • 12) 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 319 698 432 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 639 396 864;
  • 13) 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 639 396 864 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 278 793 728;
  • 14) 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 278 793 728 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 146 557 587 456;
  • 15) 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 146 557 587 456 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 293 115 174 912;
  • 16) 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 293 115 174 912 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 586 230 349 824;
  • 17) 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 586 230 349 824 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 172 460 699 648;
  • 18) 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 172 460 699 648 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 344 921 399 296;
  • 19) 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 344 921 399 296 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 689 842 798 592;
  • 20) 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 689 842 798 592 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 379 685 597 184;
  • 21) 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 379 685 597 184 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 759 371 194 368;
  • 22) 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 759 371 194 368 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 518 742 388 736;
  • 23) 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 518 742 388 736 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 037 484 777 472;
  • 24) 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 037 484 777 472 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 382 074 969 554 944;
  • 25) 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 382 074 969 554 944 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 764 149 939 109 888;
  • 26) 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 764 149 939 109 888 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 528 299 878 219 776;
  • 27) 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 528 299 878 219 776 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 056 599 756 439 552;
  • 28) 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 056 599 756 439 552 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 113 199 512 879 104;
  • 29) 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 113 199 512 879 104 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 226 399 025 758 208;
  • 30) 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 226 399 025 758 208 × 2 = 0 + 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 452 798 051 516 416;
  • 31) 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 452 798 051 516 416 × 2 = 0 + 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 905 596 103 032 832;
  • 32) 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 905 596 103 032 832 × 2 = 0 + 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 811 192 206 065 664;
  • 33) 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 811 192 206 065 664 × 2 = 0 + 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 622 384 412 131 328;
  • 34) 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 622 384 412 131 328 × 2 = 0 + 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 244 768 824 262 656;
  • 35) 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 244 768 824 262 656 × 2 = 0 + 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 782 489 537 648 525 312;
  • 36) 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 782 489 537 648 525 312 × 2 = 0 + 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 564 979 075 297 050 624;
  • 37) 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 564 979 075 297 050 624 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 129 958 150 594 101 248;
  • 38) 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 129 958 150 594 101 248 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 259 916 301 188 202 496;
  • 39) 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 259 916 301 188 202 496 × 2 = 1 + 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 519 832 602 376 404 992;
  • 40) 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 519 832 602 376 404 992 × 2 = 1 + 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 039 665 204 752 809 984;
  • 41) 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 039 665 204 752 809 984 × 2 = 1 + 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 079 330 409 505 619 968;
  • 42) 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 079 330 409 505 619 968 × 2 = 1 + 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 158 660 819 011 239 936;
  • 43) 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 158 660 819 011 239 936 × 2 = 1 + 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 317 321 638 022 479 872;
  • 44) 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 317 321 638 022 479 872 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 848 634 643 276 044 959 744;
  • 45) 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 848 634 643 276 044 959 744 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 697 269 286 552 089 919 488;
  • 46) 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 697 269 286 552 089 919 488 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 394 538 573 104 179 838 976;
  • 47) 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 394 538 573 104 179 838 976 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 789 077 146 208 359 677 952;
  • 48) 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 789 077 146 208 359 677 952 × 2 = 1 + 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 578 154 292 416 719 355 904;
  • 49) 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 578 154 292 416 719 355 904 × 2 = 0 + 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 156 308 584 833 438 711 808;
  • 50) 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 156 308 584 833 438 711 808 × 2 = 0 + 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 312 617 169 666 877 423 616;
  • 51) 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 312 617 169 666 877 423 616 × 2 = 1 + 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 625 234 339 333 754 847 232;
  • 52) 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 625 234 339 333 754 847 232 × 2 = 0 + 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 250 468 678 667 509 694 464;
  • 53) 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 250 468 678 667 509 694 464 × 2 = 1 + 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 500 937 357 335 019 388 928;
  • 54) 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 500 937 357 335 019 388 928 × 2 = 0 + 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 125 001 874 714 670 038 777 856;
  • 55) 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 125 001 874 714 670 038 777 856 × 2 = 0 + 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 250 003 749 429 340 077 555 712;
  • 56) 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 250 003 749 429 340 077 555 712 × 2 = 1 + 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 500 007 498 858 680 155 111 424;
  • 57) 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 500 007 498 858 680 155 111 424 × 2 = 0 + 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 625 000 014 997 717 360 310 222 848;
  • 58) 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 625 000 014 997 717 360 310 222 848 × 2 = 1 + 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 250 000 029 995 434 720 620 445 696;
  • 59) 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 250 000 029 995 434 720 620 445 696 × 2 = 0 + 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 500 000 059 990 869 441 240 891 392;
  • 60) 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 500 000 059 990 869 441 240 891 392 × 2 = 1 + 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 125 000 000 119 981 738 882 481 782 784;
  • 61) 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 125 000 000 119 981 738 882 481 782 784 × 2 = 1 + 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 250 000 000 239 963 477 764 963 565 568;
  • 62) 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 250 000 000 239 963 477 764 963 565 568 × 2 = 0 + 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 500 000 000 479 926 955 529 927 131 136;
  • 63) 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 500 000 000 479 926 955 529 927 131 136 × 2 = 1 + 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 625 000 000 000 959 853 911 059 854 262 272;
  • 64) 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 625 000 000 000 959 853 911 059 854 262 272 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 250 000 000 001 919 707 822 119 708 524 544;
  • 65) 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 250 000 000 001 919 707 822 119 708 524 544 × 2 = 1 + 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 500 000 000 003 839 415 644 239 417 049 088;
  • 66) 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 500 000 000 003 839 415 644 239 417 049 088 × 2 = 0 + 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 125 000 000 000 007 678 831 288 478 834 098 176;
  • 67) 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 125 000 000 000 007 678 831 288 478 834 098 176 × 2 = 1 + 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 250 000 000 000 015 357 662 576 957 668 196 352;
  • 68) 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 250 000 000 000 015 357 662 576 957 668 196 352 × 2 = 1 + 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 500 000 000 000 030 715 325 153 915 336 392 704;
  • 69) 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 500 000 000 000 030 715 325 153 915 336 392 704 × 2 = 0 + 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 625 000 000 000 000 061 430 650 307 830 672 785 408;
  • 70) 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 625 000 000 000 000 061 430 650 307 830 672 785 408 × 2 = 1 + 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 250 000 000 000 000 122 861 300 615 661 345 570 816;
  • 71) 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 250 000 000 000 000 122 861 300 615 661 345 570 816 × 2 = 0 + 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 500 000 000 000 000 245 722 601 231 322 691 141 632;
  • 72) 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 500 000 000 000 000 245 722 601 231 322 691 141 632 × 2 = 1 + 0.231 159 210 205 078 125 000 000 000 000 000 491 445 202 462 645 382 283 264;
  • 73) 0.231 159 210 205 078 125 000 000 000 000 000 491 445 202 462 645 382 283 264 × 2 = 0 + 0.462 318 420 410 156 250 000 000 000 000 000 982 890 404 925 290 764 566 528;
  • 74) 0.462 318 420 410 156 250 000 000 000 000 000 982 890 404 925 290 764 566 528 × 2 = 0 + 0.924 636 840 820 312 500 000 000 000 000 001 965 780 809 850 581 529 133 056;
  • 75) 0.924 636 840 820 312 500 000 000 000 000 001 965 780 809 850 581 529 133 056 × 2 = 1 + 0.849 273 681 640 625 000 000 000 000 000 003 931 561 619 701 163 058 266 112;
  • 76) 0.849 273 681 640 625 000 000 000 000 000 003 931 561 619 701 163 058 266 112 × 2 = 1 + 0.698 547 363 281 250 000 000 000 000 000 007 863 123 239 402 326 116 532 224;
  • 77) 0.698 547 363 281 250 000 000 000 000 000 007 863 123 239 402 326 116 532 224 × 2 = 1 + 0.397 094 726 562 500 000 000 000 000 000 015 726 246 478 804 652 233 064 448;
  • 78) 0.397 094 726 562 500 000 000 000 000 000 015 726 246 478 804 652 233 064 448 × 2 = 0 + 0.794 189 453 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 031 452 492 957 609 304 466 128 896;
  • 79) 0.794 189 453 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 031 452 492 957 609 304 466 128 896 × 2 = 1 + 0.588 378 906 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 062 904 985 915 218 608 932 257 792;
  • 80) 0.588 378 906 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 062 904 985 915 218 608 932 257 792 × 2 = 1 + 0.176 757 812 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 125 809 971 830 437 217 864 515 584;
  • 81) 0.176 757 812 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 125 809 971 830 437 217 864 515 584 × 2 = 0 + 0.353 515 625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 251 619 943 660 874 435 729 031 168;
  • 82) 0.353 515 625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 251 619 943 660 874 435 729 031 168 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 031 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 503 239 887 321 748 871 458 062 336;
  • 83) 0.707 031 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 503 239 887 321 748 871 458 062 336 × 2 = 1 + 0.414 062 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 006 479 774 643 497 742 916 124 672;
  • 84) 0.414 062 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 006 479 774 643 497 742 916 124 672 × 2 = 0 + 0.828 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 012 959 549 286 995 485 832 249 344;
  • 85) 0.828 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 012 959 549 286 995 485 832 249 344 × 2 = 1 + 0.656 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 004 025 919 098 573 990 971 664 498 688;
  • 86) 0.656 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 004 025 919 098 573 990 971 664 498 688 × 2 = 1 + 0.312 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 008 051 838 197 147 981 943 328 997 376;
  • 87) 0.312 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 008 051 838 197 147 981 943 328 997 376 × 2 = 0 + 0.625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 016 103 676 394 295 963 886 657 994 752;
  • 88) 0.625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 016 103 676 394 295 963 886 657 994 752 × 2 = 1 + 0.250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 032 207 352 788 591 927 773 315 989 504;
  • 89) 0.250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 032 207 352 788 591 927 773 315 989 504 × 2 = 0 + 0.500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 064 414 705 577 183 855 546 631 979 008;
  • 90) 0.500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 064 414 705 577 183 855 546 631 979 008 × 2 = 1 + 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 128 829 411 154 367 711 093 263 958 016;
  • 91) 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 128 829 411 154 367 711 093 263 958 016 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 257 658 822 308 735 422 186 527 916 032;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 134(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 134(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 39 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 134(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2) × 20 =

1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010(2) × 2-39


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -39

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-39 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-39 + 1 023)(10) =

984(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 984 ÷ 2 = 492 + 0;
  • 492 ÷ 2 = 246 + 0;
  • 246 ÷ 2 = 123 + 0;
  • 123 ÷ 2 = 61 + 1;
  • 61 ÷ 2 = 30 + 1;
  • 30 ÷ 2 = 15 + 0;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

984(10) =

011 1101 1000(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010 =

1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1101 1000

Mantissa (52 bits) =
1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


Decimal number 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 134 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1101 1000 - 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100