0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 436 019 785 703 34 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 436 019 785 703 34(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 436 019 785 703 34(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 436 019 785 703 34.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 436 019 785 703 34 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 305 976 059 864 860 872 039 571 406 68;
  • 2) 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 305 976 059 864 860 872 039 571 406 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 611 952 119 729 721 744 079 142 813 36;
  • 3) 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 611 952 119 729 721 744 079 142 813 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 223 904 239 459 443 488 158 285 626 72;
  • 4) 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 223 904 239 459 443 488 158 285 626 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 447 808 478 918 886 976 316 571 253 44;
  • 5) 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 447 808 478 918 886 976 316 571 253 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 895 616 957 837 773 952 633 142 506 88;
  • 6) 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 895 616 957 837 773 952 633 142 506 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 791 233 915 675 547 905 266 285 013 76;
  • 7) 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 791 233 915 675 547 905 266 285 013 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 582 467 831 351 095 810 532 570 027 52;
  • 8) 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 582 467 831 351 095 810 532 570 027 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 164 935 662 702 191 621 065 140 055 04;
  • 9) 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 164 935 662 702 191 621 065 140 055 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 329 871 325 404 383 242 130 280 110 08;
  • 10) 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 329 871 325 404 383 242 130 280 110 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 659 742 650 808 766 484 260 560 220 16;
  • 11) 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 659 742 650 808 766 484 260 560 220 16 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 319 485 301 617 532 968 521 120 440 32;
  • 12) 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 319 485 301 617 532 968 521 120 440 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 638 970 603 235 065 937 042 240 880 64;
  • 13) 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 638 970 603 235 065 937 042 240 880 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 277 941 206 470 131 874 084 481 761 28;
  • 14) 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 277 941 206 470 131 874 084 481 761 28 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 146 555 882 412 940 263 748 168 963 522 56;
  • 15) 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 146 555 882 412 940 263 748 168 963 522 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 293 111 764 825 880 527 496 337 927 045 12;
  • 16) 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 293 111 764 825 880 527 496 337 927 045 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 586 223 529 651 761 054 992 675 854 090 24;
  • 17) 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 586 223 529 651 761 054 992 675 854 090 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 172 447 059 303 522 109 985 351 708 180 48;
  • 18) 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 172 447 059 303 522 109 985 351 708 180 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 344 894 118 607 044 219 970 703 416 360 96;
  • 19) 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 344 894 118 607 044 219 970 703 416 360 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 689 788 237 214 088 439 941 406 832 721 92;
  • 20) 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 689 788 237 214 088 439 941 406 832 721 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 379 576 474 428 176 879 882 813 665 443 84;
  • 21) 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 379 576 474 428 176 879 882 813 665 443 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 759 152 948 856 353 759 765 627 330 887 68;
  • 22) 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 759 152 948 856 353 759 765 627 330 887 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 518 305 897 712 707 519 531 254 661 775 36;
  • 23) 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 518 305 897 712 707 519 531 254 661 775 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 036 611 795 425 415 039 062 509 323 550 72;
  • 24) 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 036 611 795 425 415 039 062 509 323 550 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 382 073 223 590 850 830 078 125 018 647 101 44;
  • 25) 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 382 073 223 590 850 830 078 125 018 647 101 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 764 146 447 181 701 660 156 250 037 294 202 88;
  • 26) 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 764 146 447 181 701 660 156 250 037 294 202 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 528 292 894 363 403 320 312 500 074 588 405 76;
  • 27) 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 528 292 894 363 403 320 312 500 074 588 405 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 056 585 788 726 806 640 625 000 149 176 811 52;
  • 28) 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 056 585 788 726 806 640 625 000 149 176 811 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 113 171 577 453 613 281 250 000 298 353 623 04;
  • 29) 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 113 171 577 453 613 281 250 000 298 353 623 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 226 343 154 907 226 562 500 000 596 707 246 08;
  • 30) 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 226 343 154 907 226 562 500 000 596 707 246 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 452 686 309 814 453 125 000 001 193 414 492 16;
  • 31) 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 452 686 309 814 453 125 000 001 193 414 492 16 × 2 = 0 + 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 905 372 619 628 906 250 000 002 386 828 984 32;
  • 32) 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 905 372 619 628 906 250 000 002 386 828 984 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 810 745 239 257 812 500 000 004 773 657 968 64;
  • 33) 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 810 745 239 257 812 500 000 004 773 657 968 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 621 490 478 515 625 000 000 009 547 315 937 28;
  • 34) 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 621 490 478 515 625 000 000 009 547 315 937 28 × 2 = 0 + 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 242 980 957 031 250 000 000 019 094 631 874 56;
  • 35) 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 242 980 957 031 250 000 000 019 094 631 874 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 782 485 961 914 062 500 000 000 038 189 263 749 12;
  • 36) 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 782 485 961 914 062 500 000 000 038 189 263 749 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 564 971 923 828 125 000 000 000 076 378 527 498 24;
  • 37) 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 564 971 923 828 125 000 000 000 076 378 527 498 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 129 943 847 656 250 000 000 000 152 757 054 996 48;
  • 38) 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 129 943 847 656 250 000 000 000 152 757 054 996 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 259 887 695 312 500 000 000 000 305 514 109 992 96;
  • 39) 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 259 887 695 312 500 000 000 000 305 514 109 992 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 519 775 390 625 000 000 000 000 611 028 219 985 92;
  • 40) 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 519 775 390 625 000 000 000 000 611 028 219 985 92 × 2 = 1 + 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 039 550 781 250 000 000 000 001 222 056 439 971 84;
  • 41) 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 039 550 781 250 000 000 000 001 222 056 439 971 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 079 101 562 500 000 000 000 002 444 112 879 943 68;
  • 42) 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 079 101 562 500 000 000 000 002 444 112 879 943 68 × 2 = 1 + 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 158 203 125 000 000 000 000 004 888 225 759 887 36;
  • 43) 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 158 203 125 000 000 000 000 004 888 225 759 887 36 × 2 = 1 + 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 316 406 250 000 000 000 000 009 776 451 519 774 72;
  • 44) 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 316 406 250 000 000 000 000 009 776 451 519 774 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 848 632 812 500 000 000 000 000 019 552 903 039 549 44;
  • 45) 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 848 632 812 500 000 000 000 000 019 552 903 039 549 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 697 265 625 000 000 000 000 000 039 105 806 079 098 88;
  • 46) 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 697 265 625 000 000 000 000 000 039 105 806 079 098 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 394 531 250 000 000 000 000 000 078 211 612 158 197 76;
  • 47) 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 394 531 250 000 000 000 000 000 078 211 612 158 197 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 789 062 500 000 000 000 000 000 156 423 224 316 395 52;
  • 48) 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 789 062 500 000 000 000 000 000 156 423 224 316 395 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 578 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 312 846 448 632 791 04;
  • 49) 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 578 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 312 846 448 632 791 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 156 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 625 692 897 265 582 08;
  • 50) 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 156 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 625 692 897 265 582 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 312 500 000 000 000 000 000 001 251 385 794 531 164 16;
  • 51) 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 312 500 000 000 000 000 000 001 251 385 794 531 164 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 625 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 502 771 589 062 328 32;
  • 52) 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 625 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 502 771 589 062 328 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 005 005 543 178 124 656 64;
  • 53) 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 005 005 543 178 124 656 64 × 2 = 1 + 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 010 011 086 356 249 313 28;
  • 54) 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 010 011 086 356 249 313 28 × 2 = 0 + 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 020 022 172 712 498 626 56;
  • 55) 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 020 022 172 712 498 626 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 040 044 345 424 997 253 12;
  • 56) 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 040 044 345 424 997 253 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 080 088 690 849 994 506 24;
  • 57) 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 080 088 690 849 994 506 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 160 177 381 699 989 012 48;
  • 58) 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 160 177 381 699 989 012 48 × 2 = 1 + 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 320 354 763 399 978 024 96;
  • 59) 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 320 354 763 399 978 024 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 640 709 526 799 956 049 92;
  • 60) 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 640 709 526 799 956 049 92 × 2 = 1 + 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 281 419 053 599 912 099 84;
  • 61) 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 281 419 053 599 912 099 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 562 838 107 199 824 199 68;
  • 62) 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 562 838 107 199 824 199 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 005 125 676 214 399 648 399 36;
  • 63) 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 005 125 676 214 399 648 399 36 × 2 = 1 + 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 010 251 352 428 799 296 798 72;
  • 64) 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 010 251 352 428 799 296 798 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 020 502 704 857 598 593 597 44;
  • 65) 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 020 502 704 857 598 593 597 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 041 005 409 715 197 187 194 88;
  • 66) 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 041 005 409 715 197 187 194 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 082 010 819 430 394 374 389 76;
  • 67) 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 082 010 819 430 394 374 389 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 164 021 638 860 788 748 779 52;
  • 68) 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 164 021 638 860 788 748 779 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 328 043 277 721 577 497 559 04;
  • 69) 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 328 043 277 721 577 497 559 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 656 086 555 443 154 995 118 08;
  • 70) 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 656 086 555 443 154 995 118 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 312 173 110 886 309 990 236 16;
  • 71) 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 312 173 110 886 309 990 236 16 × 2 = 0 + 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 624 346 221 772 619 980 472 32;
  • 72) 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 624 346 221 772 619 980 472 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.231 159 210 205 078 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 005 248 692 443 545 239 960 944 64;
  • 73) 0.231 159 210 205 078 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 005 248 692 443 545 239 960 944 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.462 318 420 410 156 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 010 497 384 887 090 479 921 889 28;
  • 74) 0.462 318 420 410 156 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 010 497 384 887 090 479 921 889 28 × 2 = 0 + 0.924 636 840 820 312 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 020 994 769 774 180 959 843 778 56;
  • 75) 0.924 636 840 820 312 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 020 994 769 774 180 959 843 778 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.849 273 681 640 625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 041 989 539 548 361 919 687 557 12;
  • 76) 0.849 273 681 640 625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 041 989 539 548 361 919 687 557 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.698 547 363 281 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 083 979 079 096 723 839 375 114 24;
  • 77) 0.698 547 363 281 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 083 979 079 096 723 839 375 114 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.397 094 726 562 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 167 958 158 193 447 678 750 228 48;
  • 78) 0.397 094 726 562 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 167 958 158 193 447 678 750 228 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.794 189 453 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 335 916 316 386 895 357 500 456 96;
  • 79) 0.794 189 453 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 335 916 316 386 895 357 500 456 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.588 378 906 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 671 832 632 773 790 715 000 913 92;
  • 80) 0.588 378 906 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 671 832 632 773 790 715 000 913 92 × 2 = 1 + 0.176 757 812 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 343 665 265 547 581 430 001 827 84;
  • 81) 0.176 757 812 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 343 665 265 547 581 430 001 827 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.353 515 625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 687 330 531 095 162 860 003 655 68;
  • 82) 0.353 515 625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 687 330 531 095 162 860 003 655 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 031 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 005 374 661 062 190 325 720 007 311 36;
  • 83) 0.707 031 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 005 374 661 062 190 325 720 007 311 36 × 2 = 1 + 0.414 062 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 010 749 322 124 380 651 440 014 622 72;
  • 84) 0.414 062 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 010 749 322 124 380 651 440 014 622 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.828 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 021 498 644 248 761 302 880 029 245 44;
  • 85) 0.828 125 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 021 498 644 248 761 302 880 029 245 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.656 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 042 997 288 497 522 605 760 058 490 88;
  • 86) 0.656 250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 042 997 288 497 522 605 760 058 490 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.312 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 085 994 576 995 045 211 520 116 981 76;
  • 87) 0.312 500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 085 994 576 995 045 211 520 116 981 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 171 989 153 990 090 423 040 233 963 52;
  • 88) 0.625 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 171 989 153 990 090 423 040 233 963 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 343 978 307 980 180 846 080 467 927 04;
  • 89) 0.250 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 343 978 307 980 180 846 080 467 927 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 687 956 615 960 361 692 160 935 854 08;
  • 90) 0.500 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 687 956 615 960 361 692 160 935 854 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 375 913 231 920 723 384 321 871 708 16;
  • 91) 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 375 913 231 920 723 384 321 871 708 16 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 002 751 826 463 841 446 768 643 743 416 32;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 436 019 785 703 34(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 436 019 785 703 34(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 39 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 436 019 785 703 34(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 010(2) × 20 =

1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010(2) × 2-39


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -39

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-39 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-39 + 1 023)(10) =

984(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 984 ÷ 2 = 492 + 0;
  • 492 ÷ 2 = 246 + 0;
  • 246 ÷ 2 = 123 + 0;
  • 123 ÷ 2 = 61 + 1;
  • 61 ÷ 2 = 30 + 1;
  • 30 ÷ 2 = 15 + 0;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

984(10) =

011 1101 1000(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010 =

1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1101 1000

Mantissa (52 bits) =
1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010


Decimal number 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 436 019 785 703 34 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1101 1000 - 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1010

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100