0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 436 019 785 702 228 546 139 6 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 436 019 785 702 228 546 139 6(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 436 019 785 702 228 546 139 6(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 436 019 785 702 228 546 139 6.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 436 019 785 702 228 546 139 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 305 976 059 864 860 872 039 571 404 457 092 279 2;
  • 2) 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 305 976 059 864 860 872 039 571 404 457 092 279 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 611 952 119 729 721 744 079 142 808 914 184 558 4;
  • 3) 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 611 952 119 729 721 744 079 142 808 914 184 558 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 223 904 239 459 443 488 158 285 617 828 369 116 8;
  • 4) 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 223 904 239 459 443 488 158 285 617 828 369 116 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 447 808 478 918 886 976 316 571 235 656 738 233 6;
  • 5) 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 447 808 478 918 886 976 316 571 235 656 738 233 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 895 616 957 837 773 952 633 142 471 313 476 467 2;
  • 6) 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 895 616 957 837 773 952 633 142 471 313 476 467 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 791 233 915 675 547 905 266 284 942 626 952 934 4;
  • 7) 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 791 233 915 675 547 905 266 284 942 626 952 934 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 582 467 831 351 095 810 532 569 885 253 905 868 8;
  • 8) 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 582 467 831 351 095 810 532 569 885 253 905 868 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 164 935 662 702 191 621 065 139 770 507 811 737 6;
  • 9) 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 164 935 662 702 191 621 065 139 770 507 811 737 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 329 871 325 404 383 242 130 279 541 015 623 475 2;
  • 10) 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 329 871 325 404 383 242 130 279 541 015 623 475 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 659 742 650 808 766 484 260 559 082 031 246 950 4;
  • 11) 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 659 742 650 808 766 484 260 559 082 031 246 950 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 319 485 301 617 532 968 521 118 164 062 493 900 8;
  • 12) 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 319 485 301 617 532 968 521 118 164 062 493 900 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 638 970 603 235 065 937 042 236 328 124 987 801 6;
  • 13) 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 638 970 603 235 065 937 042 236 328 124 987 801 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 277 941 206 470 131 874 084 472 656 249 975 603 2;
  • 14) 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 277 941 206 470 131 874 084 472 656 249 975 603 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 146 555 882 412 940 263 748 168 945 312 499 951 206 4;
  • 15) 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 146 555 882 412 940 263 748 168 945 312 499 951 206 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 293 111 764 825 880 527 496 337 890 624 999 902 412 8;
  • 16) 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 293 111 764 825 880 527 496 337 890 624 999 902 412 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 586 223 529 651 761 054 992 675 781 249 999 804 825 6;
  • 17) 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 586 223 529 651 761 054 992 675 781 249 999 804 825 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 172 447 059 303 522 109 985 351 562 499 999 609 651 2;
  • 18) 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 172 447 059 303 522 109 985 351 562 499 999 609 651 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 344 894 118 607 044 219 970 703 124 999 999 219 302 4;
  • 19) 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 344 894 118 607 044 219 970 703 124 999 999 219 302 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 689 788 237 214 088 439 941 406 249 999 998 438 604 8;
  • 20) 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 689 788 237 214 088 439 941 406 249 999 998 438 604 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 379 576 474 428 176 879 882 812 499 999 996 877 209 6;
  • 21) 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 379 576 474 428 176 879 882 812 499 999 996 877 209 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 759 152 948 856 353 759 765 624 999 999 993 754 419 2;
  • 22) 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 759 152 948 856 353 759 765 624 999 999 993 754 419 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 518 305 897 712 707 519 531 249 999 999 987 508 838 4;
  • 23) 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 518 305 897 712 707 519 531 249 999 999 987 508 838 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 036 611 795 425 415 039 062 499 999 999 975 017 676 8;
  • 24) 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 036 611 795 425 415 039 062 499 999 999 975 017 676 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 382 073 223 590 850 830 078 124 999 999 999 950 035 353 6;
  • 25) 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 382 073 223 590 850 830 078 124 999 999 999 950 035 353 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 764 146 447 181 701 660 156 249 999 999 999 900 070 707 2;
  • 26) 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 764 146 447 181 701 660 156 249 999 999 999 900 070 707 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 528 292 894 363 403 320 312 499 999 999 999 800 141 414 4;
  • 27) 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 528 292 894 363 403 320 312 499 999 999 999 800 141 414 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 056 585 788 726 806 640 624 999 999 999 999 600 282 828 8;
  • 28) 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 056 585 788 726 806 640 624 999 999 999 999 600 282 828 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 113 171 577 453 613 281 249 999 999 999 999 200 565 657 6;
  • 29) 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 113 171 577 453 613 281 249 999 999 999 999 200 565 657 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 226 343 154 907 226 562 499 999 999 999 998 401 131 315 2;
  • 30) 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 226 343 154 907 226 562 499 999 999 999 998 401 131 315 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 452 686 309 814 453 124 999 999 999 999 996 802 262 630 4;
  • 31) 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 452 686 309 814 453 124 999 999 999 999 996 802 262 630 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 905 372 619 628 906 249 999 999 999 999 993 604 525 260 8;
  • 32) 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 905 372 619 628 906 249 999 999 999 999 993 604 525 260 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 810 745 239 257 812 499 999 999 999 999 987 209 050 521 6;
  • 33) 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 810 745 239 257 812 499 999 999 999 999 987 209 050 521 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 621 490 478 515 624 999 999 999 999 999 974 418 101 043 2;
  • 34) 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 621 490 478 515 624 999 999 999 999 999 974 418 101 043 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 242 980 957 031 249 999 999 999 999 999 948 836 202 086 4;
  • 35) 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 242 980 957 031 249 999 999 999 999 999 948 836 202 086 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 782 485 961 914 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 897 672 404 172 8;
  • 36) 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 782 485 961 914 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 897 672 404 172 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 564 971 923 828 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 795 344 808 345 6;
  • 37) 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 564 971 923 828 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 795 344 808 345 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 129 943 847 656 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 590 689 616 691 2;
  • 38) 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 129 943 847 656 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 590 689 616 691 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 259 887 695 312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 181 379 233 382 4;
  • 39) 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 259 887 695 312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 181 379 233 382 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 519 775 390 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 362 758 466 764 8;
  • 40) 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 519 775 390 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 362 758 466 764 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 039 550 781 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 996 725 516 933 529 6;
  • 41) 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 039 550 781 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 996 725 516 933 529 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 079 101 562 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 993 451 033 867 059 2;
  • 42) 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 079 101 562 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 993 451 033 867 059 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 158 203 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 986 902 067 734 118 4;
  • 43) 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 158 203 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 986 902 067 734 118 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 316 406 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 973 804 135 468 236 8;
  • 44) 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 316 406 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 973 804 135 468 236 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 848 632 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 947 608 270 936 473 6;
  • 45) 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 848 632 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 947 608 270 936 473 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 697 265 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 895 216 541 872 947 2;
  • 46) 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 697 265 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 895 216 541 872 947 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 394 531 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 790 433 083 745 894 4;
  • 47) 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 394 531 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 790 433 083 745 894 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 789 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 580 866 167 491 788 8;
  • 48) 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 789 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 580 866 167 491 788 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 578 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 161 732 334 983 577 6;
  • 49) 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 578 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 161 732 334 983 577 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 156 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 323 464 669 967 155 2;
  • 50) 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 156 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 323 464 669 967 155 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 996 646 929 339 934 310 4;
  • 51) 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 996 646 929 339 934 310 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 993 293 858 679 868 620 8;
  • 52) 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 993 293 858 679 868 620 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 986 587 717 359 737 241 6;
  • 53) 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 986 587 717 359 737 241 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 973 175 434 719 474 483 2;
  • 54) 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 973 175 434 719 474 483 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 946 350 869 438 948 966 4;
  • 55) 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 946 350 869 438 948 966 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 892 701 738 877 897 932 8;
  • 56) 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 892 701 738 877 897 932 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 785 403 477 755 795 865 6;
  • 57) 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 785 403 477 755 795 865 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 570 806 955 511 591 731 2;
  • 58) 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 570 806 955 511 591 731 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 141 613 911 023 183 462 4;
  • 59) 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 141 613 911 023 183 462 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 283 227 822 046 366 924 8;
  • 60) 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 283 227 822 046 366 924 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 996 566 455 644 092 733 849 6;
  • 61) 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 996 566 455 644 092 733 849 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 993 132 911 288 185 467 699 2;
  • 62) 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 993 132 911 288 185 467 699 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 986 265 822 576 370 935 398 4;
  • 63) 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 986 265 822 576 370 935 398 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 972 531 645 152 741 870 796 8;
  • 64) 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 972 531 645 152 741 870 796 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 945 063 290 305 483 741 593 6;
  • 65) 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 945 063 290 305 483 741 593 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 890 126 580 610 967 483 187 2;
  • 66) 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 890 126 580 610 967 483 187 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 780 253 161 221 934 966 374 4;
  • 67) 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 780 253 161 221 934 966 374 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 560 506 322 443 869 932 748 8;
  • 68) 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 560 506 322 443 869 932 748 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 121 012 644 887 739 865 497 6;
  • 69) 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 121 012 644 887 739 865 497 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 242 025 289 775 479 730 995 2;
  • 70) 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 242 025 289 775 479 730 995 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 996 484 050 579 550 959 461 990 4;
  • 71) 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 996 484 050 579 550 959 461 990 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 992 968 101 159 101 918 923 980 8;
  • 72) 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 992 968 101 159 101 918 923 980 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.231 159 210 205 078 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 985 936 202 318 203 837 847 961 6;
  • 73) 0.231 159 210 205 078 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 985 936 202 318 203 837 847 961 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.462 318 420 410 156 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 971 872 404 636 407 675 695 923 2;
  • 74) 0.462 318 420 410 156 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 971 872 404 636 407 675 695 923 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.924 636 840 820 312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 943 744 809 272 815 351 391 846 4;
  • 75) 0.924 636 840 820 312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 943 744 809 272 815 351 391 846 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.849 273 681 640 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 887 489 618 545 630 702 783 692 8;
  • 76) 0.849 273 681 640 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 887 489 618 545 630 702 783 692 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.698 547 363 281 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 774 979 237 091 261 405 567 385 6;
  • 77) 0.698 547 363 281 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 774 979 237 091 261 405 567 385 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.397 094 726 562 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 549 958 474 182 522 811 134 771 2;
  • 78) 0.397 094 726 562 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 549 958 474 182 522 811 134 771 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.794 189 453 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 099 916 948 365 045 622 269 542 4;
  • 79) 0.794 189 453 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 099 916 948 365 045 622 269 542 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.588 378 906 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 199 833 896 730 091 244 539 084 8;
  • 80) 0.588 378 906 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 199 833 896 730 091 244 539 084 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.176 757 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 996 399 667 793 460 182 489 078 169 6;
  • 81) 0.176 757 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 996 399 667 793 460 182 489 078 169 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.353 515 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 992 799 335 586 920 364 978 156 339 2;
  • 82) 0.353 515 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 992 799 335 586 920 364 978 156 339 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 031 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 985 598 671 173 840 729 956 312 678 4;
  • 83) 0.707 031 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 985 598 671 173 840 729 956 312 678 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.414 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 971 197 342 347 681 459 912 625 356 8;
  • 84) 0.414 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 971 197 342 347 681 459 912 625 356 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.828 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 942 394 684 695 362 919 825 250 713 6;
  • 85) 0.828 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 942 394 684 695 362 919 825 250 713 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.656 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 884 789 369 390 725 839 650 501 427 2;
  • 86) 0.656 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 884 789 369 390 725 839 650 501 427 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 769 578 738 781 451 679 301 002 854 4;
  • 87) 0.312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 769 578 738 781 451 679 301 002 854 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 539 157 477 562 903 358 602 005 708 8;
  • 88) 0.624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 539 157 477 562 903 358 602 005 708 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 078 314 955 125 806 717 204 011 417 6;
  • 89) 0.249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 078 314 955 125 806 717 204 011 417 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 156 629 910 251 613 434 408 022 835 2;
  • 90) 0.499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 156 629 910 251 613 434 408 022 835 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 996 313 259 820 503 226 868 816 045 670 4;
  • 91) 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 996 313 259 820 503 226 868 816 045 670 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 992 626 519 641 006 453 737 632 091 340 8;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 436 019 785 702 228 546 139 6(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 436 019 785 702 228 546 139 6(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 39 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 436 019 785 702 228 546 139 6(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2) × 20 =

1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001(2) × 2-39


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -39

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-39 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-39 + 1 023)(10) =

984(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 984 ÷ 2 = 492 + 0;
  • 492 ÷ 2 = 246 + 0;
  • 246 ÷ 2 = 123 + 0;
  • 123 ÷ 2 = 61 + 1;
  • 61 ÷ 2 = 30 + 1;
  • 30 ÷ 2 = 15 + 0;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

984(10) =

011 1101 1000(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001 =

1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1101 1000

Mantissa (52 bits) =
1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001


Decimal number 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 436 019 785 702 228 546 139 6 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1101 1000 - 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100