0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 436 019 785 699 73 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 436 019 785 699 73(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 436 019 785 699 73(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 436 019 785 699 73.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 436 019 785 699 73 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 305 976 059 864 860 872 039 571 399 46;
  • 2) 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 305 976 059 864 860 872 039 571 399 46 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 611 952 119 729 721 744 079 142 798 92;
  • 3) 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 611 952 119 729 721 744 079 142 798 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 223 904 239 459 443 488 158 285 597 84;
  • 4) 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 223 904 239 459 443 488 158 285 597 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 447 808 478 918 886 976 316 571 195 68;
  • 5) 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 447 808 478 918 886 976 316 571 195 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 895 616 957 837 773 952 633 142 391 36;
  • 6) 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 895 616 957 837 773 952 633 142 391 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 791 233 915 675 547 905 266 284 782 72;
  • 7) 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 791 233 915 675 547 905 266 284 782 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 582 467 831 351 095 810 532 569 565 44;
  • 8) 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 582 467 831 351 095 810 532 569 565 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 164 935 662 702 191 621 065 139 130 88;
  • 9) 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 164 935 662 702 191 621 065 139 130 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 329 871 325 404 383 242 130 278 261 76;
  • 10) 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 329 871 325 404 383 242 130 278 261 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 659 742 650 808 766 484 260 556 523 52;
  • 11) 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 659 742 650 808 766 484 260 556 523 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 319 485 301 617 532 968 521 113 047 04;
  • 12) 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 319 485 301 617 532 968 521 113 047 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 638 970 603 235 065 937 042 226 094 08;
  • 13) 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 638 970 603 235 065 937 042 226 094 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 277 941 206 470 131 874 084 452 188 16;
  • 14) 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 277 941 206 470 131 874 084 452 188 16 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 146 555 882 412 940 263 748 168 904 376 32;
  • 15) 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 146 555 882 412 940 263 748 168 904 376 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 293 111 764 825 880 527 496 337 808 752 64;
  • 16) 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 293 111 764 825 880 527 496 337 808 752 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 586 223 529 651 761 054 992 675 617 505 28;
  • 17) 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 586 223 529 651 761 054 992 675 617 505 28 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 172 447 059 303 522 109 985 351 235 010 56;
  • 18) 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 172 447 059 303 522 109 985 351 235 010 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 344 894 118 607 044 219 970 702 470 021 12;
  • 19) 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 344 894 118 607 044 219 970 702 470 021 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 689 788 237 214 088 439 941 404 940 042 24;
  • 20) 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 689 788 237 214 088 439 941 404 940 042 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 379 576 474 428 176 879 882 809 880 084 48;
  • 21) 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 379 576 474 428 176 879 882 809 880 084 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 759 152 948 856 353 759 765 619 760 168 96;
  • 22) 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 759 152 948 856 353 759 765 619 760 168 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 518 305 897 712 707 519 531 239 520 337 92;
  • 23) 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 518 305 897 712 707 519 531 239 520 337 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 036 611 795 425 415 039 062 479 040 675 84;
  • 24) 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 036 611 795 425 415 039 062 479 040 675 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 382 073 223 590 850 830 078 124 958 081 351 68;
  • 25) 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 382 073 223 590 850 830 078 124 958 081 351 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 764 146 447 181 701 660 156 249 916 162 703 36;
  • 26) 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 764 146 447 181 701 660 156 249 916 162 703 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 528 292 894 363 403 320 312 499 832 325 406 72;
  • 27) 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 528 292 894 363 403 320 312 499 832 325 406 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 056 585 788 726 806 640 624 999 664 650 813 44;
  • 28) 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 056 585 788 726 806 640 624 999 664 650 813 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 113 171 577 453 613 281 249 999 329 301 626 88;
  • 29) 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 113 171 577 453 613 281 249 999 329 301 626 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 226 343 154 907 226 562 499 998 658 603 253 76;
  • 30) 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 226 343 154 907 226 562 499 998 658 603 253 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 452 686 309 814 453 124 999 997 317 206 507 52;
  • 31) 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 452 686 309 814 453 124 999 997 317 206 507 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 905 372 619 628 906 249 999 994 634 413 015 04;
  • 32) 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 905 372 619 628 906 249 999 994 634 413 015 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 810 745 239 257 812 499 999 989 268 826 030 08;
  • 33) 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 810 745 239 257 812 499 999 989 268 826 030 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 621 490 478 515 624 999 999 978 537 652 060 16;
  • 34) 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 621 490 478 515 624 999 999 978 537 652 060 16 × 2 = 0 + 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 242 980 957 031 249 999 999 957 075 304 120 32;
  • 35) 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 242 980 957 031 249 999 999 957 075 304 120 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 782 485 961 914 062 499 999 999 914 150 608 240 64;
  • 36) 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 782 485 961 914 062 499 999 999 914 150 608 240 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 564 971 923 828 124 999 999 999 828 301 216 481 28;
  • 37) 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 564 971 923 828 124 999 999 999 828 301 216 481 28 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 129 943 847 656 249 999 999 999 656 602 432 962 56;
  • 38) 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 129 943 847 656 249 999 999 999 656 602 432 962 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 259 887 695 312 499 999 999 999 313 204 865 925 12;
  • 39) 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 259 887 695 312 499 999 999 999 313 204 865 925 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 519 775 390 624 999 999 999 998 626 409 731 850 24;
  • 40) 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 519 775 390 624 999 999 999 998 626 409 731 850 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 039 550 781 249 999 999 999 997 252 819 463 700 48;
  • 41) 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 039 550 781 249 999 999 999 997 252 819 463 700 48 × 2 = 1 + 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 079 101 562 499 999 999 999 994 505 638 927 400 96;
  • 42) 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 079 101 562 499 999 999 999 994 505 638 927 400 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 158 203 124 999 999 999 999 989 011 277 854 801 92;
  • 43) 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 158 203 124 999 999 999 999 989 011 277 854 801 92 × 2 = 1 + 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 316 406 249 999 999 999 999 978 022 555 709 603 84;
  • 44) 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 316 406 249 999 999 999 999 978 022 555 709 603 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 848 632 812 499 999 999 999 999 956 045 111 419 207 68;
  • 45) 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 848 632 812 499 999 999 999 999 956 045 111 419 207 68 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 697 265 624 999 999 999 999 999 912 090 222 838 415 36;
  • 46) 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 697 265 624 999 999 999 999 999 912 090 222 838 415 36 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 394 531 249 999 999 999 999 999 824 180 445 676 830 72;
  • 47) 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 394 531 249 999 999 999 999 999 824 180 445 676 830 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 789 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 648 360 891 353 661 44;
  • 48) 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 789 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 648 360 891 353 661 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 578 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 296 721 782 707 322 88;
  • 49) 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 578 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 296 721 782 707 322 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 156 249 999 999 999 999 999 998 593 443 565 414 645 76;
  • 50) 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 156 249 999 999 999 999 999 998 593 443 565 414 645 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 312 499 999 999 999 999 999 997 186 887 130 829 291 52;
  • 51) 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 312 499 999 999 999 999 999 997 186 887 130 829 291 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 994 373 774 261 658 583 04;
  • 52) 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 994 373 774 261 658 583 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 988 747 548 523 317 166 08;
  • 53) 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 988 747 548 523 317 166 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 977 495 097 046 634 332 16;
  • 54) 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 977 495 097 046 634 332 16 × 2 = 0 + 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 954 990 194 093 268 664 32;
  • 55) 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 954 990 194 093 268 664 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 909 980 388 186 537 328 64;
  • 56) 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 909 980 388 186 537 328 64 × 2 = 1 + 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 819 960 776 373 074 657 28;
  • 57) 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 819 960 776 373 074 657 28 × 2 = 0 + 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 639 921 552 746 149 314 56;
  • 58) 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 639 921 552 746 149 314 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 279 843 105 492 298 629 12;
  • 59) 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 279 843 105 492 298 629 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 559 686 210 984 597 258 24;
  • 60) 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 559 686 210 984 597 258 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 997 119 372 421 969 194 516 48;
  • 61) 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 997 119 372 421 969 194 516 48 × 2 = 1 + 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 994 238 744 843 938 389 032 96;
  • 62) 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 994 238 744 843 938 389 032 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 988 477 489 687 876 778 065 92;
  • 63) 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 988 477 489 687 876 778 065 92 × 2 = 1 + 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 976 954 979 375 753 556 131 84;
  • 64) 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 976 954 979 375 753 556 131 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 953 909 958 751 507 112 263 68;
  • 65) 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 953 909 958 751 507 112 263 68 × 2 = 1 + 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 907 819 917 503 014 224 527 36;
  • 66) 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 907 819 917 503 014 224 527 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 815 639 835 006 028 449 054 72;
  • 67) 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 815 639 835 006 028 449 054 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 631 279 670 012 056 898 109 44;
  • 68) 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 631 279 670 012 056 898 109 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 262 559 340 024 113 796 218 88;
  • 69) 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 262 559 340 024 113 796 218 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 525 118 680 048 227 592 437 76;
  • 70) 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 525 118 680 048 227 592 437 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 997 050 237 360 096 455 184 875 52;
  • 71) 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 997 050 237 360 096 455 184 875 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 994 100 474 720 192 910 369 751 04;
  • 72) 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 994 100 474 720 192 910 369 751 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.231 159 210 205 078 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 988 200 949 440 385 820 739 502 08;
  • 73) 0.231 159 210 205 078 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 988 200 949 440 385 820 739 502 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.462 318 420 410 156 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 976 401 898 880 771 641 479 004 16;
  • 74) 0.462 318 420 410 156 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 976 401 898 880 771 641 479 004 16 × 2 = 0 + 0.924 636 840 820 312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 952 803 797 761 543 282 958 008 32;
  • 75) 0.924 636 840 820 312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 952 803 797 761 543 282 958 008 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.849 273 681 640 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 905 607 595 523 086 565 916 016 64;
  • 76) 0.849 273 681 640 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 905 607 595 523 086 565 916 016 64 × 2 = 1 + 0.698 547 363 281 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 811 215 191 046 173 131 832 033 28;
  • 77) 0.698 547 363 281 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 811 215 191 046 173 131 832 033 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.397 094 726 562 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 622 430 382 092 346 263 664 066 56;
  • 78) 0.397 094 726 562 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 622 430 382 092 346 263 664 066 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.794 189 453 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 244 860 764 184 692 527 328 133 12;
  • 79) 0.794 189 453 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 244 860 764 184 692 527 328 133 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.588 378 906 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 489 721 528 369 385 054 656 266 24;
  • 80) 0.588 378 906 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 489 721 528 369 385 054 656 266 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.176 757 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 996 979 443 056 738 770 109 312 532 48;
  • 81) 0.176 757 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 996 979 443 056 738 770 109 312 532 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.353 515 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 993 958 886 113 477 540 218 625 064 96;
  • 82) 0.353 515 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 993 958 886 113 477 540 218 625 064 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 031 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 987 917 772 226 955 080 437 250 129 92;
  • 83) 0.707 031 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 987 917 772 226 955 080 437 250 129 92 × 2 = 1 + 0.414 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 975 835 544 453 910 160 874 500 259 84;
  • 84) 0.414 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 975 835 544 453 910 160 874 500 259 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.828 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 951 671 088 907 820 321 749 000 519 68;
  • 85) 0.828 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 951 671 088 907 820 321 749 000 519 68 × 2 = 1 + 0.656 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 903 342 177 815 640 643 498 001 039 36;
  • 86) 0.656 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 903 342 177 815 640 643 498 001 039 36 × 2 = 1 + 0.312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 806 684 355 631 281 286 996 002 078 72;
  • 87) 0.312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 806 684 355 631 281 286 996 002 078 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 613 368 711 262 562 573 992 004 157 44;
  • 88) 0.624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 613 368 711 262 562 573 992 004 157 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 226 737 422 525 125 147 984 008 314 88;
  • 89) 0.249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 226 737 422 525 125 147 984 008 314 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 453 474 845 050 250 295 968 016 629 76;
  • 90) 0.499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 453 474 845 050 250 295 968 016 629 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 996 906 949 690 100 500 591 936 033 259 52;
  • 91) 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 996 906 949 690 100 500 591 936 033 259 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 993 813 899 380 201 001 183 872 066 519 04;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 436 019 785 699 73(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 436 019 785 699 73(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 39 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 436 019 785 699 73(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2) × 20 =

1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001(2) × 2-39


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -39

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-39 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-39 + 1 023)(10) =

984(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 984 ÷ 2 = 492 + 0;
  • 492 ÷ 2 = 246 + 0;
  • 246 ÷ 2 = 123 + 0;
  • 123 ÷ 2 = 61 + 1;
  • 61 ÷ 2 = 30 + 1;
  • 30 ÷ 2 = 15 + 0;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

984(10) =

011 1101 1000(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001 =

1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1101 1000

Mantissa (52 bits) =
1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001


Decimal number 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 436 019 785 699 73 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1101 1000 - 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100