0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 402 9 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 402 9(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 402 9(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 402 9.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 402 9 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 305 976 059 864 860 805 8;
  • 2) 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 305 976 059 864 860 805 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 611 952 119 729 721 611 6;
  • 3) 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 611 952 119 729 721 611 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 223 904 239 459 443 223 2;
  • 4) 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 223 904 239 459 443 223 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 447 808 478 918 886 446 4;
  • 5) 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 447 808 478 918 886 446 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 895 616 957 837 772 892 8;
  • 6) 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 895 616 957 837 772 892 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 791 233 915 675 545 785 6;
  • 7) 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 791 233 915 675 545 785 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 582 467 831 351 091 571 2;
  • 8) 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 582 467 831 351 091 571 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 164 935 662 702 183 142 4;
  • 9) 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 164 935 662 702 183 142 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 329 871 325 404 366 284 8;
  • 10) 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 329 871 325 404 366 284 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 659 742 650 808 732 569 6;
  • 11) 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 659 742 650 808 732 569 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 319 485 301 617 465 139 2;
  • 12) 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 319 485 301 617 465 139 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 638 970 603 234 930 278 4;
  • 13) 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 638 970 603 234 930 278 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 277 941 206 469 860 556 8;
  • 14) 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 277 941 206 469 860 556 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 146 555 882 412 939 721 113 6;
  • 15) 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 146 555 882 412 939 721 113 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 293 111 764 825 879 442 227 2;
  • 16) 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 293 111 764 825 879 442 227 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 586 223 529 651 758 884 454 4;
  • 17) 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 586 223 529 651 758 884 454 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 172 447 059 303 517 768 908 8;
  • 18) 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 172 447 059 303 517 768 908 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 344 894 118 607 035 537 817 6;
  • 19) 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 344 894 118 607 035 537 817 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 689 788 237 214 071 075 635 2;
  • 20) 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 689 788 237 214 071 075 635 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 379 576 474 428 142 151 270 4;
  • 21) 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 379 576 474 428 142 151 270 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 759 152 948 856 284 302 540 8;
  • 22) 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 759 152 948 856 284 302 540 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 518 305 897 712 568 605 081 6;
  • 23) 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 518 305 897 712 568 605 081 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 036 611 795 425 137 210 163 2;
  • 24) 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 036 611 795 425 137 210 163 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 382 073 223 590 850 274 420 326 4;
  • 25) 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 382 073 223 590 850 274 420 326 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 764 146 447 181 700 548 840 652 8;
  • 26) 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 764 146 447 181 700 548 840 652 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 528 292 894 363 401 097 681 305 6;
  • 27) 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 528 292 894 363 401 097 681 305 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 056 585 788 726 802 195 362 611 2;
  • 28) 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 056 585 788 726 802 195 362 611 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 113 171 577 453 604 390 725 222 4;
  • 29) 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 113 171 577 453 604 390 725 222 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 226 343 154 907 208 781 450 444 8;
  • 30) 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 226 343 154 907 208 781 450 444 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 452 686 309 814 417 562 900 889 6;
  • 31) 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 452 686 309 814 417 562 900 889 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 905 372 619 628 835 125 801 779 2;
  • 32) 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 905 372 619 628 835 125 801 779 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 810 745 239 257 670 251 603 558 4;
  • 33) 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 810 745 239 257 670 251 603 558 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 621 490 478 515 340 503 207 116 8;
  • 34) 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 621 490 478 515 340 503 207 116 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 242 980 957 030 681 006 414 233 6;
  • 35) 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 242 980 957 030 681 006 414 233 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 782 485 961 914 061 362 012 828 467 2;
  • 36) 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 782 485 961 914 061 362 012 828 467 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 564 971 923 828 122 724 025 656 934 4;
  • 37) 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 564 971 923 828 122 724 025 656 934 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 129 943 847 656 245 448 051 313 868 8;
  • 38) 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 129 943 847 656 245 448 051 313 868 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 259 887 695 312 490 896 102 627 737 6;
  • 39) 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 259 887 695 312 490 896 102 627 737 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 519 775 390 624 981 792 205 255 475 2;
  • 40) 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 519 775 390 624 981 792 205 255 475 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 039 550 781 249 963 584 410 510 950 4;
  • 41) 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 039 550 781 249 963 584 410 510 950 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 079 101 562 499 927 168 821 021 900 8;
  • 42) 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 079 101 562 499 927 168 821 021 900 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 158 203 124 999 854 337 642 043 801 6;
  • 43) 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 158 203 124 999 854 337 642 043 801 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 316 406 249 999 708 675 284 087 603 2;
  • 44) 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 316 406 249 999 708 675 284 087 603 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 848 632 812 499 999 417 350 568 175 206 4;
  • 45) 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 848 632 812 499 999 417 350 568 175 206 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 697 265 624 999 998 834 701 136 350 412 8;
  • 46) 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 697 265 624 999 998 834 701 136 350 412 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 394 531 249 999 997 669 402 272 700 825 6;
  • 47) 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 394 531 249 999 997 669 402 272 700 825 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 789 062 499 999 995 338 804 545 401 651 2;
  • 48) 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 789 062 499 999 995 338 804 545 401 651 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 578 124 999 999 990 677 609 090 803 302 4;
  • 49) 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 578 124 999 999 990 677 609 090 803 302 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 156 249 999 999 981 355 218 181 606 604 8;
  • 50) 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 156 249 999 999 981 355 218 181 606 604 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 312 499 999 999 962 710 436 363 213 209 6;
  • 51) 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 312 499 999 999 962 710 436 363 213 209 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 624 999 999 999 925 420 872 726 426 419 2;
  • 52) 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 624 999 999 999 925 420 872 726 426 419 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 249 999 999 999 850 841 745 452 852 838 4;
  • 53) 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 249 999 999 999 850 841 745 452 852 838 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 499 999 999 999 701 683 490 905 705 676 8;
  • 54) 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 499 999 999 999 701 683 490 905 705 676 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 124 999 999 999 999 403 366 981 811 411 353 6;
  • 55) 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 124 999 999 999 999 403 366 981 811 411 353 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 249 999 999 999 998 806 733 963 622 822 707 2;
  • 56) 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 249 999 999 999 998 806 733 963 622 822 707 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 499 999 999 999 997 613 467 927 245 645 414 4;
  • 57) 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 499 999 999 999 997 613 467 927 245 645 414 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 624 999 999 999 999 995 226 935 854 491 290 828 8;
  • 58) 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 624 999 999 999 999 995 226 935 854 491 290 828 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 249 999 999 999 999 990 453 871 708 982 581 657 6;
  • 59) 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 249 999 999 999 999 990 453 871 708 982 581 657 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 499 999 999 999 999 980 907 743 417 965 163 315 2;
  • 60) 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 499 999 999 999 999 980 907 743 417 965 163 315 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 124 999 999 999 999 999 961 815 486 835 930 326 630 4;
  • 61) 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 124 999 999 999 999 999 961 815 486 835 930 326 630 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 249 999 999 999 999 999 923 630 973 671 860 653 260 8;
  • 62) 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 249 999 999 999 999 999 923 630 973 671 860 653 260 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 499 999 999 999 999 999 847 261 947 343 721 306 521 6;
  • 63) 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 499 999 999 999 999 999 847 261 947 343 721 306 521 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 694 523 894 687 442 613 043 2;
  • 64) 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 694 523 894 687 442 613 043 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 389 047 789 374 885 226 086 4;
  • 65) 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 389 047 789 374 885 226 086 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 499 999 999 999 999 999 998 778 095 578 749 770 452 172 8;
  • 66) 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 499 999 999 999 999 999 998 778 095 578 749 770 452 172 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 997 556 191 157 499 540 904 345 6;
  • 67) 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 997 556 191 157 499 540 904 345 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 995 112 382 314 999 081 808 691 2;
  • 68) 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 995 112 382 314 999 081 808 691 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 990 224 764 629 998 163 617 382 4;
  • 69) 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 990 224 764 629 998 163 617 382 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 980 449 529 259 996 327 234 764 8;
  • 70) 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 980 449 529 259 996 327 234 764 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 960 899 058 519 992 654 469 529 6;
  • 71) 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 960 899 058 519 992 654 469 529 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 921 798 117 039 985 308 939 059 2;
  • 72) 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 921 798 117 039 985 308 939 059 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.231 159 210 205 078 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 843 596 234 079 970 617 878 118 4;
  • 73) 0.231 159 210 205 078 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 843 596 234 079 970 617 878 118 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.462 318 420 410 156 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 687 192 468 159 941 235 756 236 8;
  • 74) 0.462 318 420 410 156 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 687 192 468 159 941 235 756 236 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.924 636 840 820 312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 374 384 936 319 882 471 512 473 6;
  • 75) 0.924 636 840 820 312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 374 384 936 319 882 471 512 473 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.849 273 681 640 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 748 769 872 639 764 943 024 947 2;
  • 76) 0.849 273 681 640 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 748 769 872 639 764 943 024 947 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.698 547 363 281 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 997 497 539 745 279 529 886 049 894 4;
  • 77) 0.698 547 363 281 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 997 497 539 745 279 529 886 049 894 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.397 094 726 562 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 994 995 079 490 559 059 772 099 788 8;
  • 78) 0.397 094 726 562 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 994 995 079 490 559 059 772 099 788 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.794 189 453 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 989 990 158 981 118 119 544 199 577 6;
  • 79) 0.794 189 453 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 989 990 158 981 118 119 544 199 577 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.588 378 906 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 979 980 317 962 236 239 088 399 155 2;
  • 80) 0.588 378 906 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 979 980 317 962 236 239 088 399 155 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.176 757 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 959 960 635 924 472 478 176 798 310 4;
  • 81) 0.176 757 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 959 960 635 924 472 478 176 798 310 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.353 515 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 919 921 271 848 944 956 353 596 620 8;
  • 82) 0.353 515 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 919 921 271 848 944 956 353 596 620 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 031 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 839 842 543 697 889 912 707 193 241 6;
  • 83) 0.707 031 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 839 842 543 697 889 912 707 193 241 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.414 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 679 685 087 395 779 825 414 386 483 2;
  • 84) 0.414 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 679 685 087 395 779 825 414 386 483 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.828 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 359 370 174 791 559 650 828 772 966 4;
  • 85) 0.828 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 359 370 174 791 559 650 828 772 966 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.656 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 718 740 349 583 119 301 657 545 932 8;
  • 86) 0.656 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 718 740 349 583 119 301 657 545 932 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 997 437 480 699 166 238 603 315 091 865 6;
  • 87) 0.312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 997 437 480 699 166 238 603 315 091 865 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 994 874 961 398 332 477 206 630 183 731 2;
  • 88) 0.624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 994 874 961 398 332 477 206 630 183 731 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 989 749 922 796 664 954 413 260 367 462 4;
  • 89) 0.249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 989 749 922 796 664 954 413 260 367 462 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 979 499 845 593 329 908 826 520 734 924 8;
  • 90) 0.499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 979 499 845 593 329 908 826 520 734 924 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 958 999 691 186 659 817 653 041 469 849 6;
  • 91) 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 958 999 691 186 659 817 653 041 469 849 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 917 999 382 373 319 635 306 082 939 699 2;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 402 9(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 402 9(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 39 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 402 9(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2) × 20 =

1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001(2) × 2-39


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -39

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-39 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-39 + 1 023)(10) =

984(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 984 ÷ 2 = 492 + 0;
  • 492 ÷ 2 = 246 + 0;
  • 246 ÷ 2 = 123 + 0;
  • 123 ÷ 2 = 61 + 1;
  • 61 ÷ 2 = 30 + 1;
  • 30 ÷ 2 = 15 + 0;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

984(10) =

011 1101 1000(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001 =

1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1101 1000

Mantissa (52 bits) =
1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001


Decimal number 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 988 029 932 430 402 9 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1101 1000 - 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100