0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 931 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 931(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 931(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 931.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 931 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 305 975 862;
  • 2) 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 305 975 862 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 611 951 724;
  • 3) 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 611 951 724 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 223 903 448;
  • 4) 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 223 903 448 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 447 806 896;
  • 5) 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 447 806 896 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 895 613 792;
  • 6) 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 895 613 792 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 791 227 584;
  • 7) 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 791 227 584 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 582 455 168;
  • 8) 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 582 455 168 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 164 910 336;
  • 9) 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 164 910 336 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 329 820 672;
  • 10) 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 329 820 672 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 659 641 344;
  • 11) 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 659 641 344 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 319 282 688;
  • 12) 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 319 282 688 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 638 565 376;
  • 13) 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 638 565 376 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 277 130 752;
  • 14) 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 277 130 752 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 146 554 261 504;
  • 15) 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 146 554 261 504 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 293 108 523 008;
  • 16) 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 293 108 523 008 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 586 217 046 016;
  • 17) 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 586 217 046 016 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 172 434 092 032;
  • 18) 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 172 434 092 032 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 344 868 184 064;
  • 19) 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 344 868 184 064 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 689 736 368 128;
  • 20) 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 689 736 368 128 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 379 472 736 256;
  • 21) 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 379 472 736 256 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 758 945 472 512;
  • 22) 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 758 945 472 512 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 517 890 945 024;
  • 23) 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 517 890 945 024 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 035 781 890 048;
  • 24) 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 035 781 890 048 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 382 071 563 780 096;
  • 25) 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 382 071 563 780 096 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 764 143 127 560 192;
  • 26) 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 764 143 127 560 192 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 528 286 255 120 384;
  • 27) 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 528 286 255 120 384 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 056 572 510 240 768;
  • 28) 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 056 572 510 240 768 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 113 145 020 481 536;
  • 29) 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 113 145 020 481 536 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 226 290 040 963 072;
  • 30) 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 226 290 040 963 072 × 2 = 0 + 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 452 580 081 926 144;
  • 31) 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 452 580 081 926 144 × 2 = 0 + 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 905 160 163 852 288;
  • 32) 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 905 160 163 852 288 × 2 = 0 + 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 810 320 327 704 576;
  • 33) 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 810 320 327 704 576 × 2 = 0 + 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 620 640 655 409 152;
  • 34) 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 620 640 655 409 152 × 2 = 0 + 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 241 281 310 818 304;
  • 35) 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 241 281 310 818 304 × 2 = 0 + 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 782 482 562 621 636 608;
  • 36) 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 782 482 562 621 636 608 × 2 = 0 + 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 564 965 125 243 273 216;
  • 37) 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 564 965 125 243 273 216 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 129 930 250 486 546 432;
  • 38) 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 129 930 250 486 546 432 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 259 860 500 973 092 864;
  • 39) 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 259 860 500 973 092 864 × 2 = 1 + 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 519 721 001 946 185 728;
  • 40) 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 519 721 001 946 185 728 × 2 = 1 + 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 039 442 003 892 371 456;
  • 41) 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 039 442 003 892 371 456 × 2 = 1 + 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 078 884 007 784 742 912;
  • 42) 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 078 884 007 784 742 912 × 2 = 1 + 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 157 768 015 569 485 824;
  • 43) 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 157 768 015 569 485 824 × 2 = 1 + 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 315 536 031 138 971 648;
  • 44) 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 315 536 031 138 971 648 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 848 631 072 062 277 943 296;
  • 45) 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 848 631 072 062 277 943 296 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 697 262 144 124 555 886 592;
  • 46) 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 697 262 144 124 555 886 592 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 394 524 288 249 111 773 184;
  • 47) 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 394 524 288 249 111 773 184 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 789 048 576 498 223 546 368;
  • 48) 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 789 048 576 498 223 546 368 × 2 = 1 + 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 578 097 152 996 447 092 736;
  • 49) 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 578 097 152 996 447 092 736 × 2 = 0 + 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 156 194 305 992 894 185 472;
  • 50) 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 156 194 305 992 894 185 472 × 2 = 0 + 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 312 388 611 985 788 370 944;
  • 51) 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 312 388 611 985 788 370 944 × 2 = 1 + 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 624 777 223 971 576 741 888;
  • 52) 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 624 777 223 971 576 741 888 × 2 = 0 + 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 249 554 447 943 153 483 776;
  • 53) 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 249 554 447 943 153 483 776 × 2 = 1 + 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 499 108 895 886 306 967 552;
  • 54) 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 499 108 895 886 306 967 552 × 2 = 0 + 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 124 998 217 791 772 613 935 104;
  • 55) 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 124 998 217 791 772 613 935 104 × 2 = 0 + 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 249 996 435 583 545 227 870 208;
  • 56) 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 249 996 435 583 545 227 870 208 × 2 = 1 + 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 499 992 871 167 090 455 740 416;
  • 57) 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 499 992 871 167 090 455 740 416 × 2 = 0 + 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 624 999 985 742 334 180 911 480 832;
  • 58) 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 624 999 985 742 334 180 911 480 832 × 2 = 1 + 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 249 999 971 484 668 361 822 961 664;
  • 59) 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 249 999 971 484 668 361 822 961 664 × 2 = 0 + 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 499 999 942 969 336 723 645 923 328;
  • 60) 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 499 999 942 969 336 723 645 923 328 × 2 = 1 + 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 124 999 999 885 938 673 447 291 846 656;
  • 61) 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 124 999 999 885 938 673 447 291 846 656 × 2 = 1 + 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 249 999 999 771 877 346 894 583 693 312;
  • 62) 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 249 999 999 771 877 346 894 583 693 312 × 2 = 0 + 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 499 999 999 543 754 693 789 167 386 624;
  • 63) 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 499 999 999 543 754 693 789 167 386 624 × 2 = 1 + 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 624 999 999 999 087 509 387 578 334 773 248;
  • 64) 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 624 999 999 999 087 509 387 578 334 773 248 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 249 999 999 998 175 018 775 156 669 546 496;
  • 65) 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 249 999 999 998 175 018 775 156 669 546 496 × 2 = 1 + 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 499 999 999 996 350 037 550 313 339 092 992;
  • 66) 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 499 999 999 996 350 037 550 313 339 092 992 × 2 = 0 + 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 124 999 999 999 992 700 075 100 626 678 185 984;
  • 67) 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 124 999 999 999 992 700 075 100 626 678 185 984 × 2 = 1 + 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 249 999 999 999 985 400 150 201 253 356 371 968;
  • 68) 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 249 999 999 999 985 400 150 201 253 356 371 968 × 2 = 1 + 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 499 999 999 999 970 800 300 402 506 712 743 936;
  • 69) 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 499 999 999 999 970 800 300 402 506 712 743 936 × 2 = 0 + 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 624 999 999 999 999 941 600 600 805 013 425 487 872;
  • 70) 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 624 999 999 999 999 941 600 600 805 013 425 487 872 × 2 = 1 + 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 249 999 999 999 999 883 201 201 610 026 850 975 744;
  • 71) 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 249 999 999 999 999 883 201 201 610 026 850 975 744 × 2 = 0 + 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 499 999 999 999 999 766 402 403 220 053 701 951 488;
  • 72) 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 499 999 999 999 999 766 402 403 220 053 701 951 488 × 2 = 1 + 0.231 159 210 205 078 124 999 999 999 999 999 532 804 806 440 107 403 902 976;
  • 73) 0.231 159 210 205 078 124 999 999 999 999 999 532 804 806 440 107 403 902 976 × 2 = 0 + 0.462 318 420 410 156 249 999 999 999 999 999 065 609 612 880 214 807 805 952;
  • 74) 0.462 318 420 410 156 249 999 999 999 999 999 065 609 612 880 214 807 805 952 × 2 = 0 + 0.924 636 840 820 312 499 999 999 999 999 998 131 219 225 760 429 615 611 904;
  • 75) 0.924 636 840 820 312 499 999 999 999 999 998 131 219 225 760 429 615 611 904 × 2 = 1 + 0.849 273 681 640 624 999 999 999 999 999 996 262 438 451 520 859 231 223 808;
  • 76) 0.849 273 681 640 624 999 999 999 999 999 996 262 438 451 520 859 231 223 808 × 2 = 1 + 0.698 547 363 281 249 999 999 999 999 999 992 524 876 903 041 718 462 447 616;
  • 77) 0.698 547 363 281 249 999 999 999 999 999 992 524 876 903 041 718 462 447 616 × 2 = 1 + 0.397 094 726 562 499 999 999 999 999 999 985 049 753 806 083 436 924 895 232;
  • 78) 0.397 094 726 562 499 999 999 999 999 999 985 049 753 806 083 436 924 895 232 × 2 = 0 + 0.794 189 453 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 970 099 507 612 166 873 849 790 464;
  • 79) 0.794 189 453 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 970 099 507 612 166 873 849 790 464 × 2 = 1 + 0.588 378 906 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 940 199 015 224 333 747 699 580 928;
  • 80) 0.588 378 906 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 940 199 015 224 333 747 699 580 928 × 2 = 1 + 0.176 757 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 880 398 030 448 667 495 399 161 856;
  • 81) 0.176 757 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 880 398 030 448 667 495 399 161 856 × 2 = 0 + 0.353 515 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 760 796 060 897 334 990 798 323 712;
  • 82) 0.353 515 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 760 796 060 897 334 990 798 323 712 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 031 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 521 592 121 794 669 981 596 647 424;
  • 83) 0.707 031 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 521 592 121 794 669 981 596 647 424 × 2 = 1 + 0.414 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 043 184 243 589 339 963 193 294 848;
  • 84) 0.414 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 043 184 243 589 339 963 193 294 848 × 2 = 0 + 0.828 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 086 368 487 178 679 926 386 589 696;
  • 85) 0.828 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 086 368 487 178 679 926 386 589 696 × 2 = 1 + 0.656 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 996 172 736 974 357 359 852 773 179 392;
  • 86) 0.656 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 996 172 736 974 357 359 852 773 179 392 × 2 = 1 + 0.312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 992 345 473 948 714 719 705 546 358 784;
  • 87) 0.312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 992 345 473 948 714 719 705 546 358 784 × 2 = 0 + 0.624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 984 690 947 897 429 439 411 092 717 568;
  • 88) 0.624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 984 690 947 897 429 439 411 092 717 568 × 2 = 1 + 0.249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 969 381 895 794 858 878 822 185 435 136;
  • 89) 0.249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 969 381 895 794 858 878 822 185 435 136 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 938 763 791 589 717 757 644 370 870 272;
  • 90) 0.499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 938 763 791 589 717 757 644 370 870 272 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 877 527 583 179 435 515 288 741 740 544;
  • 91) 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 877 527 583 179 435 515 288 741 740 544 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 755 055 166 358 871 030 577 483 481 088;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 931(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 931(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 39 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 931(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2) × 20 =

1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001(2) × 2-39


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -39

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-39 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-39 + 1 023)(10) =

984(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 984 ÷ 2 = 492 + 0;
  • 492 ÷ 2 = 246 + 0;
  • 246 ÷ 2 = 123 + 0;
  • 123 ÷ 2 = 61 + 1;
  • 61 ÷ 2 = 30 + 1;
  • 30 ÷ 2 = 15 + 0;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

984(10) =

011 1101 1000(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001 =

1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1101 1000

Mantissa (52 bits) =
1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001


Decimal number 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 931 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1101 1000 - 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100