0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 9 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 9(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 9(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 9.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 9 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 305 975 8;
  • 2) 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 305 975 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 611 951 6;
  • 3) 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 611 951 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 223 903 2;
  • 4) 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 223 903 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 447 806 4;
  • 5) 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 447 806 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 895 612 8;
  • 6) 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 895 612 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 791 225 6;
  • 7) 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 791 225 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 582 451 2;
  • 8) 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 582 451 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 164 902 4;
  • 9) 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 164 902 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 329 804 8;
  • 10) 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 329 804 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 659 609 6;
  • 11) 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 659 609 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 319 219 2;
  • 12) 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 319 219 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 638 438 4;
  • 13) 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 638 438 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 276 876 8;
  • 14) 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 276 876 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 146 553 753 6;
  • 15) 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 146 553 753 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 293 107 507 2;
  • 16) 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 293 107 507 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 586 215 014 4;
  • 17) 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 586 215 014 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 172 430 028 8;
  • 18) 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 172 430 028 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 344 860 057 6;
  • 19) 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 344 860 057 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 689 720 115 2;
  • 20) 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 689 720 115 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 379 440 230 4;
  • 21) 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 379 440 230 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 758 880 460 8;
  • 22) 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 758 880 460 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 517 760 921 6;
  • 23) 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 517 760 921 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 035 521 843 2;
  • 24) 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 035 521 843 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 382 071 043 686 4;
  • 25) 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 382 071 043 686 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 764 142 087 372 8;
  • 26) 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 764 142 087 372 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 528 284 174 745 6;
  • 27) 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 528 284 174 745 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 056 568 349 491 2;
  • 28) 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 056 568 349 491 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 113 136 698 982 4;
  • 29) 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 113 136 698 982 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 226 273 397 964 8;
  • 30) 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 226 273 397 964 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 452 546 795 929 6;
  • 31) 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 452 546 795 929 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 905 093 591 859 2;
  • 32) 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 905 093 591 859 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 810 187 183 718 4;
  • 33) 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 810 187 183 718 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 620 374 367 436 8;
  • 34) 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 620 374 367 436 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 240 748 734 873 6;
  • 35) 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 240 748 734 873 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 782 481 497 469 747 2;
  • 36) 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 782 481 497 469 747 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 564 962 994 939 494 4;
  • 37) 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 564 962 994 939 494 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 129 925 989 878 988 8;
  • 38) 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 129 925 989 878 988 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 259 851 979 757 977 6;
  • 39) 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 259 851 979 757 977 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 519 703 959 515 955 2;
  • 40) 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 519 703 959 515 955 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 039 407 919 031 910 4;
  • 41) 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 039 407 919 031 910 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 078 815 838 063 820 8;
  • 42) 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 078 815 838 063 820 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 157 631 676 127 641 6;
  • 43) 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 157 631 676 127 641 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 315 263 352 255 283 2;
  • 44) 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 315 263 352 255 283 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 848 630 526 704 510 566 4;
  • 45) 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 848 630 526 704 510 566 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 697 261 053 409 021 132 8;
  • 46) 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 697 261 053 409 021 132 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 394 522 106 818 042 265 6;
  • 47) 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 394 522 106 818 042 265 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 789 044 213 636 084 531 2;
  • 48) 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 789 044 213 636 084 531 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 578 088 427 272 169 062 4;
  • 49) 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 578 088 427 272 169 062 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 156 176 854 544 338 124 8;
  • 50) 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 156 176 854 544 338 124 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 312 353 709 088 676 249 6;
  • 51) 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 312 353 709 088 676 249 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 624 707 418 177 352 499 2;
  • 52) 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 624 707 418 177 352 499 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 249 414 836 354 704 998 4;
  • 53) 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 249 414 836 354 704 998 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 498 829 672 709 409 996 8;
  • 54) 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 498 829 672 709 409 996 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 124 997 659 345 418 819 993 6;
  • 55) 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 124 997 659 345 418 819 993 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 249 995 318 690 837 639 987 2;
  • 56) 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 249 995 318 690 837 639 987 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 499 990 637 381 675 279 974 4;
  • 57) 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 499 990 637 381 675 279 974 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 624 999 981 274 763 350 559 948 8;
  • 58) 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 624 999 981 274 763 350 559 948 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 249 999 962 549 526 701 119 897 6;
  • 59) 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 249 999 962 549 526 701 119 897 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 499 999 925 099 053 402 239 795 2;
  • 60) 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 499 999 925 099 053 402 239 795 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 124 999 999 850 198 106 804 479 590 4;
  • 61) 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 124 999 999 850 198 106 804 479 590 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 249 999 999 700 396 213 608 959 180 8;
  • 62) 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 249 999 999 700 396 213 608 959 180 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 499 999 999 400 792 427 217 918 361 6;
  • 63) 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 499 999 999 400 792 427 217 918 361 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 624 999 999 998 801 584 854 435 836 723 2;
  • 64) 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 624 999 999 998 801 584 854 435 836 723 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 249 999 999 997 603 169 708 871 673 446 4;
  • 65) 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 249 999 999 997 603 169 708 871 673 446 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 499 999 999 995 206 339 417 743 346 892 8;
  • 66) 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 499 999 999 995 206 339 417 743 346 892 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 124 999 999 999 990 412 678 835 486 693 785 6;
  • 67) 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 124 999 999 999 990 412 678 835 486 693 785 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 249 999 999 999 980 825 357 670 973 387 571 2;
  • 68) 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 249 999 999 999 980 825 357 670 973 387 571 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 499 999 999 999 961 650 715 341 946 775 142 4;
  • 69) 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 499 999 999 999 961 650 715 341 946 775 142 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 624 999 999 999 999 923 301 430 683 893 550 284 8;
  • 70) 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 624 999 999 999 999 923 301 430 683 893 550 284 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 249 999 999 999 999 846 602 861 367 787 100 569 6;
  • 71) 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 249 999 999 999 999 846 602 861 367 787 100 569 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 499 999 999 999 999 693 205 722 735 574 201 139 2;
  • 72) 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 499 999 999 999 999 693 205 722 735 574 201 139 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.231 159 210 205 078 124 999 999 999 999 999 386 411 445 471 148 402 278 4;
  • 73) 0.231 159 210 205 078 124 999 999 999 999 999 386 411 445 471 148 402 278 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.462 318 420 410 156 249 999 999 999 999 998 772 822 890 942 296 804 556 8;
  • 74) 0.462 318 420 410 156 249 999 999 999 999 998 772 822 890 942 296 804 556 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.924 636 840 820 312 499 999 999 999 999 997 545 645 781 884 593 609 113 6;
  • 75) 0.924 636 840 820 312 499 999 999 999 999 997 545 645 781 884 593 609 113 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.849 273 681 640 624 999 999 999 999 999 995 091 291 563 769 187 218 227 2;
  • 76) 0.849 273 681 640 624 999 999 999 999 999 995 091 291 563 769 187 218 227 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.698 547 363 281 249 999 999 999 999 999 990 182 583 127 538 374 436 454 4;
  • 77) 0.698 547 363 281 249 999 999 999 999 999 990 182 583 127 538 374 436 454 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.397 094 726 562 499 999 999 999 999 999 980 365 166 255 076 748 872 908 8;
  • 78) 0.397 094 726 562 499 999 999 999 999 999 980 365 166 255 076 748 872 908 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.794 189 453 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 960 730 332 510 153 497 745 817 6;
  • 79) 0.794 189 453 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 960 730 332 510 153 497 745 817 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.588 378 906 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 921 460 665 020 306 995 491 635 2;
  • 80) 0.588 378 906 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 921 460 665 020 306 995 491 635 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.176 757 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 842 921 330 040 613 990 983 270 4;
  • 81) 0.176 757 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 842 921 330 040 613 990 983 270 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.353 515 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 685 842 660 081 227 981 966 540 8;
  • 82) 0.353 515 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 685 842 660 081 227 981 966 540 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 031 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 371 685 320 162 455 963 933 081 6;
  • 83) 0.707 031 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 371 685 320 162 455 963 933 081 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.414 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 743 370 640 324 911 927 866 163 2;
  • 84) 0.414 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 743 370 640 324 911 927 866 163 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.828 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 997 486 741 280 649 823 855 732 326 4;
  • 85) 0.828 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 997 486 741 280 649 823 855 732 326 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.656 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 994 973 482 561 299 647 711 464 652 8;
  • 86) 0.656 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 994 973 482 561 299 647 711 464 652 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 989 946 965 122 599 295 422 929 305 6;
  • 87) 0.312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 989 946 965 122 599 295 422 929 305 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 979 893 930 245 198 590 845 858 611 2;
  • 88) 0.624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 979 893 930 245 198 590 845 858 611 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 959 787 860 490 397 181 691 717 222 4;
  • 89) 0.249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 959 787 860 490 397 181 691 717 222 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 919 575 720 980 794 363 383 434 444 8;
  • 90) 0.499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 919 575 720 980 794 363 383 434 444 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 839 151 441 961 588 726 766 868 889 6;
  • 91) 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 839 151 441 961 588 726 766 868 889 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 678 302 883 923 177 453 533 737 779 2;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 9(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 9(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 39 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 9(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2) × 20 =

1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001(2) × 2-39


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -39

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-39 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-39 + 1 023)(10) =

984(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 984 ÷ 2 = 492 + 0;
  • 492 ÷ 2 = 246 + 0;
  • 246 ÷ 2 = 123 + 0;
  • 123 ÷ 2 = 61 + 1;
  • 61 ÷ 2 = 30 + 1;
  • 30 ÷ 2 = 15 + 0;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

984(10) =

011 1101 1000(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001 =

1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1101 1000

Mantissa (52 bits) =
1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001


Decimal number 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 9 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1101 1000 - 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100