0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 891 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 891(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 891(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 891.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 891 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 305 975 782;
  • 2) 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 305 975 782 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 611 951 564;
  • 3) 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 611 951 564 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 223 903 128;
  • 4) 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 223 903 128 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 447 806 256;
  • 5) 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 447 806 256 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 895 612 512;
  • 6) 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 895 612 512 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 791 225 024;
  • 7) 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 791 225 024 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 582 450 048;
  • 8) 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 582 450 048 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 164 900 096;
  • 9) 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 164 900 096 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 329 800 192;
  • 10) 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 329 800 192 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 659 600 384;
  • 11) 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 659 600 384 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 319 200 768;
  • 12) 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 319 200 768 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 638 401 536;
  • 13) 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 638 401 536 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 276 803 072;
  • 14) 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 276 803 072 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 146 553 606 144;
  • 15) 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 146 553 606 144 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 293 107 212 288;
  • 16) 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 293 107 212 288 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 586 214 424 576;
  • 17) 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 586 214 424 576 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 172 428 849 152;
  • 18) 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 172 428 849 152 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 344 857 698 304;
  • 19) 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 344 857 698 304 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 689 715 396 608;
  • 20) 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 689 715 396 608 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 379 430 793 216;
  • 21) 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 379 430 793 216 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 758 861 586 432;
  • 22) 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 758 861 586 432 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 517 723 172 864;
  • 23) 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 517 723 172 864 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 035 446 345 728;
  • 24) 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 035 446 345 728 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 382 070 892 691 456;
  • 25) 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 382 070 892 691 456 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 764 141 785 382 912;
  • 26) 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 764 141 785 382 912 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 528 283 570 765 824;
  • 27) 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 528 283 570 765 824 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 056 567 141 531 648;
  • 28) 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 056 567 141 531 648 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 113 134 283 063 296;
  • 29) 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 113 134 283 063 296 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 226 268 566 126 592;
  • 30) 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 226 268 566 126 592 × 2 = 0 + 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 452 537 132 253 184;
  • 31) 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 452 537 132 253 184 × 2 = 0 + 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 905 074 264 506 368;
  • 32) 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 905 074 264 506 368 × 2 = 0 + 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 810 148 529 012 736;
  • 33) 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 810 148 529 012 736 × 2 = 0 + 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 620 297 058 025 472;
  • 34) 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 620 297 058 025 472 × 2 = 0 + 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 240 594 116 050 944;
  • 35) 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 240 594 116 050 944 × 2 = 0 + 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 782 481 188 232 101 888;
  • 36) 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 782 481 188 232 101 888 × 2 = 0 + 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 564 962 376 464 203 776;
  • 37) 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 564 962 376 464 203 776 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 129 924 752 928 407 552;
  • 38) 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 129 924 752 928 407 552 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 259 849 505 856 815 104;
  • 39) 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 259 849 505 856 815 104 × 2 = 1 + 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 519 699 011 713 630 208;
  • 40) 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 519 699 011 713 630 208 × 2 = 1 + 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 039 398 023 427 260 416;
  • 41) 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 039 398 023 427 260 416 × 2 = 1 + 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 078 796 046 854 520 832;
  • 42) 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 078 796 046 854 520 832 × 2 = 1 + 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 157 592 093 709 041 664;
  • 43) 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 157 592 093 709 041 664 × 2 = 1 + 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 315 184 187 418 083 328;
  • 44) 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 315 184 187 418 083 328 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 848 630 368 374 836 166 656;
  • 45) 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 848 630 368 374 836 166 656 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 697 260 736 749 672 333 312;
  • 46) 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 697 260 736 749 672 333 312 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 394 521 473 499 344 666 624;
  • 47) 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 394 521 473 499 344 666 624 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 789 042 946 998 689 333 248;
  • 48) 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 789 042 946 998 689 333 248 × 2 = 1 + 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 578 085 893 997 378 666 496;
  • 49) 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 578 085 893 997 378 666 496 × 2 = 0 + 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 156 171 787 994 757 332 992;
  • 50) 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 156 171 787 994 757 332 992 × 2 = 0 + 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 312 343 575 989 514 665 984;
  • 51) 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 312 343 575 989 514 665 984 × 2 = 1 + 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 624 687 151 979 029 331 968;
  • 52) 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 624 687 151 979 029 331 968 × 2 = 0 + 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 249 374 303 958 058 663 936;
  • 53) 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 249 374 303 958 058 663 936 × 2 = 1 + 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 498 748 607 916 117 327 872;
  • 54) 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 498 748 607 916 117 327 872 × 2 = 0 + 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 124 997 497 215 832 234 655 744;
  • 55) 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 124 997 497 215 832 234 655 744 × 2 = 0 + 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 249 994 994 431 664 469 311 488;
  • 56) 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 249 994 994 431 664 469 311 488 × 2 = 1 + 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 499 989 988 863 328 938 622 976;
  • 57) 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 499 989 988 863 328 938 622 976 × 2 = 0 + 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 624 999 979 977 726 657 877 245 952;
  • 58) 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 624 999 979 977 726 657 877 245 952 × 2 = 1 + 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 249 999 959 955 453 315 754 491 904;
  • 59) 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 249 999 959 955 453 315 754 491 904 × 2 = 0 + 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 499 999 919 910 906 631 508 983 808;
  • 60) 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 499 999 919 910 906 631 508 983 808 × 2 = 1 + 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 124 999 999 839 821 813 263 017 967 616;
  • 61) 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 124 999 999 839 821 813 263 017 967 616 × 2 = 1 + 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 249 999 999 679 643 626 526 035 935 232;
  • 62) 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 249 999 999 679 643 626 526 035 935 232 × 2 = 0 + 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 499 999 999 359 287 253 052 071 870 464;
  • 63) 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 499 999 999 359 287 253 052 071 870 464 × 2 = 1 + 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 624 999 999 998 718 574 506 104 143 740 928;
  • 64) 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 624 999 999 998 718 574 506 104 143 740 928 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 249 999 999 997 437 149 012 208 287 481 856;
  • 65) 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 249 999 999 997 437 149 012 208 287 481 856 × 2 = 1 + 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 499 999 999 994 874 298 024 416 574 963 712;
  • 66) 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 499 999 999 994 874 298 024 416 574 963 712 × 2 = 0 + 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 124 999 999 999 989 748 596 048 833 149 927 424;
  • 67) 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 124 999 999 999 989 748 596 048 833 149 927 424 × 2 = 1 + 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 249 999 999 999 979 497 192 097 666 299 854 848;
  • 68) 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 249 999 999 999 979 497 192 097 666 299 854 848 × 2 = 1 + 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 499 999 999 999 958 994 384 195 332 599 709 696;
  • 69) 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 499 999 999 999 958 994 384 195 332 599 709 696 × 2 = 0 + 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 624 999 999 999 999 917 988 768 390 665 199 419 392;
  • 70) 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 624 999 999 999 999 917 988 768 390 665 199 419 392 × 2 = 1 + 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 249 999 999 999 999 835 977 536 781 330 398 838 784;
  • 71) 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 249 999 999 999 999 835 977 536 781 330 398 838 784 × 2 = 0 + 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 499 999 999 999 999 671 955 073 562 660 797 677 568;
  • 72) 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 499 999 999 999 999 671 955 073 562 660 797 677 568 × 2 = 1 + 0.231 159 210 205 078 124 999 999 999 999 999 343 910 147 125 321 595 355 136;
  • 73) 0.231 159 210 205 078 124 999 999 999 999 999 343 910 147 125 321 595 355 136 × 2 = 0 + 0.462 318 420 410 156 249 999 999 999 999 998 687 820 294 250 643 190 710 272;
  • 74) 0.462 318 420 410 156 249 999 999 999 999 998 687 820 294 250 643 190 710 272 × 2 = 0 + 0.924 636 840 820 312 499 999 999 999 999 997 375 640 588 501 286 381 420 544;
  • 75) 0.924 636 840 820 312 499 999 999 999 999 997 375 640 588 501 286 381 420 544 × 2 = 1 + 0.849 273 681 640 624 999 999 999 999 999 994 751 281 177 002 572 762 841 088;
  • 76) 0.849 273 681 640 624 999 999 999 999 999 994 751 281 177 002 572 762 841 088 × 2 = 1 + 0.698 547 363 281 249 999 999 999 999 999 989 502 562 354 005 145 525 682 176;
  • 77) 0.698 547 363 281 249 999 999 999 999 999 989 502 562 354 005 145 525 682 176 × 2 = 1 + 0.397 094 726 562 499 999 999 999 999 999 979 005 124 708 010 291 051 364 352;
  • 78) 0.397 094 726 562 499 999 999 999 999 999 979 005 124 708 010 291 051 364 352 × 2 = 0 + 0.794 189 453 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 958 010 249 416 020 582 102 728 704;
  • 79) 0.794 189 453 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 958 010 249 416 020 582 102 728 704 × 2 = 1 + 0.588 378 906 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 916 020 498 832 041 164 205 457 408;
  • 80) 0.588 378 906 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 916 020 498 832 041 164 205 457 408 × 2 = 1 + 0.176 757 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 832 040 997 664 082 328 410 914 816;
  • 81) 0.176 757 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 832 040 997 664 082 328 410 914 816 × 2 = 0 + 0.353 515 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 664 081 995 328 164 656 821 829 632;
  • 82) 0.353 515 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 664 081 995 328 164 656 821 829 632 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 031 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 328 163 990 656 329 313 643 659 264;
  • 83) 0.707 031 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 328 163 990 656 329 313 643 659 264 × 2 = 1 + 0.414 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 656 327 981 312 658 627 287 318 528;
  • 84) 0.414 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 656 327 981 312 658 627 287 318 528 × 2 = 0 + 0.828 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 997 312 655 962 625 317 254 574 637 056;
  • 85) 0.828 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 997 312 655 962 625 317 254 574 637 056 × 2 = 1 + 0.656 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 994 625 311 925 250 634 509 149 274 112;
  • 86) 0.656 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 994 625 311 925 250 634 509 149 274 112 × 2 = 1 + 0.312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 989 250 623 850 501 269 018 298 548 224;
  • 87) 0.312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 989 250 623 850 501 269 018 298 548 224 × 2 = 0 + 0.624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 978 501 247 701 002 538 036 597 096 448;
  • 88) 0.624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 978 501 247 701 002 538 036 597 096 448 × 2 = 1 + 0.249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 957 002 495 402 005 076 073 194 192 896;
  • 89) 0.249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 957 002 495 402 005 076 073 194 192 896 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 914 004 990 804 010 152 146 388 385 792;
  • 90) 0.499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 914 004 990 804 010 152 146 388 385 792 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 828 009 981 608 020 304 292 776 771 584;
  • 91) 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 828 009 981 608 020 304 292 776 771 584 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 656 019 963 216 040 608 585 553 543 168;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 891(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 891(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 39 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 891(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2) × 20 =

1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001(2) × 2-39


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -39

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-39 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-39 + 1 023)(10) =

984(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 984 ÷ 2 = 492 + 0;
  • 492 ÷ 2 = 246 + 0;
  • 246 ÷ 2 = 123 + 0;
  • 123 ÷ 2 = 61 + 1;
  • 61 ÷ 2 = 30 + 1;
  • 30 ÷ 2 = 15 + 0;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

984(10) =

011 1101 1000(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001 =

1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1101 1000

Mantissa (52 bits) =
1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001


Decimal number 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 891 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1101 1000 - 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100