0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 701 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 701(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 701(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 701.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 701 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 305 975 402;
  • 2) 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 305 975 402 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 611 950 804;
  • 3) 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 611 950 804 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 223 901 608;
  • 4) 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 223 901 608 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 447 803 216;
  • 5) 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 447 803 216 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 895 606 432;
  • 6) 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 895 606 432 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 791 212 864;
  • 7) 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 791 212 864 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 582 425 728;
  • 8) 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 582 425 728 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 164 851 456;
  • 9) 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 164 851 456 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 329 702 912;
  • 10) 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 329 702 912 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 659 405 824;
  • 11) 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 659 405 824 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 318 811 648;
  • 12) 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 318 811 648 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 637 623 296;
  • 13) 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 637 623 296 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 275 246 592;
  • 14) 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 275 246 592 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 146 550 493 184;
  • 15) 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 146 550 493 184 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 293 100 986 368;
  • 16) 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 293 100 986 368 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 586 201 972 736;
  • 17) 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 586 201 972 736 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 172 403 945 472;
  • 18) 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 172 403 945 472 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 344 807 890 944;
  • 19) 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 344 807 890 944 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 689 615 781 888;
  • 20) 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 689 615 781 888 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 379 231 563 776;
  • 21) 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 379 231 563 776 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 758 463 127 552;
  • 22) 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 758 463 127 552 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 516 926 255 104;
  • 23) 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 516 926 255 104 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 033 852 510 208;
  • 24) 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 033 852 510 208 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 382 067 705 020 416;
  • 25) 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 382 067 705 020 416 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 764 135 410 040 832;
  • 26) 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 764 135 410 040 832 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 528 270 820 081 664;
  • 27) 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 528 270 820 081 664 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 056 541 640 163 328;
  • 28) 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 056 541 640 163 328 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 113 083 280 326 656;
  • 29) 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 113 083 280 326 656 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 226 166 560 653 312;
  • 30) 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 226 166 560 653 312 × 2 = 0 + 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 452 333 121 306 624;
  • 31) 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 452 333 121 306 624 × 2 = 0 + 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 904 666 242 613 248;
  • 32) 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 904 666 242 613 248 × 2 = 0 + 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 809 332 485 226 496;
  • 33) 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 809 332 485 226 496 × 2 = 0 + 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 618 664 970 452 992;
  • 34) 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 618 664 970 452 992 × 2 = 0 + 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 237 329 940 905 984;
  • 35) 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 237 329 940 905 984 × 2 = 0 + 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 782 474 659 881 811 968;
  • 36) 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 782 474 659 881 811 968 × 2 = 0 + 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 564 949 319 763 623 936;
  • 37) 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 564 949 319 763 623 936 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 129 898 639 527 247 872;
  • 38) 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 129 898 639 527 247 872 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 259 797 279 054 495 744;
  • 39) 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 259 797 279 054 495 744 × 2 = 1 + 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 519 594 558 108 991 488;
  • 40) 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 519 594 558 108 991 488 × 2 = 1 + 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 039 189 116 217 982 976;
  • 41) 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 039 189 116 217 982 976 × 2 = 1 + 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 078 378 232 435 965 952;
  • 42) 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 078 378 232 435 965 952 × 2 = 1 + 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 156 756 464 871 931 904;
  • 43) 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 156 756 464 871 931 904 × 2 = 1 + 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 313 512 929 743 863 808;
  • 44) 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 313 512 929 743 863 808 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 848 627 025 859 487 727 616;
  • 45) 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 848 627 025 859 487 727 616 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 697 254 051 718 975 455 232;
  • 46) 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 697 254 051 718 975 455 232 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 394 508 103 437 950 910 464;
  • 47) 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 394 508 103 437 950 910 464 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 789 016 206 875 901 820 928;
  • 48) 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 789 016 206 875 901 820 928 × 2 = 1 + 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 578 032 413 751 803 641 856;
  • 49) 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 578 032 413 751 803 641 856 × 2 = 0 + 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 156 064 827 503 607 283 712;
  • 50) 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 156 064 827 503 607 283 712 × 2 = 0 + 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 312 129 655 007 214 567 424;
  • 51) 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 312 129 655 007 214 567 424 × 2 = 1 + 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 624 259 310 014 429 134 848;
  • 52) 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 624 259 310 014 429 134 848 × 2 = 0 + 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 248 518 620 028 858 269 696;
  • 53) 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 248 518 620 028 858 269 696 × 2 = 1 + 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 497 037 240 057 716 539 392;
  • 54) 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 497 037 240 057 716 539 392 × 2 = 0 + 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 124 994 074 480 115 433 078 784;
  • 55) 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 124 994 074 480 115 433 078 784 × 2 = 0 + 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 249 988 148 960 230 866 157 568;
  • 56) 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 249 988 148 960 230 866 157 568 × 2 = 1 + 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 499 976 297 920 461 732 315 136;
  • 57) 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 499 976 297 920 461 732 315 136 × 2 = 0 + 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 624 999 952 595 840 923 464 630 272;
  • 58) 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 624 999 952 595 840 923 464 630 272 × 2 = 1 + 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 249 999 905 191 681 846 929 260 544;
  • 59) 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 249 999 905 191 681 846 929 260 544 × 2 = 0 + 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 499 999 810 383 363 693 858 521 088;
  • 60) 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 499 999 810 383 363 693 858 521 088 × 2 = 1 + 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 124 999 999 620 766 727 387 717 042 176;
  • 61) 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 124 999 999 620 766 727 387 717 042 176 × 2 = 1 + 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 249 999 999 241 533 454 775 434 084 352;
  • 62) 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 249 999 999 241 533 454 775 434 084 352 × 2 = 0 + 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 499 999 998 483 066 909 550 868 168 704;
  • 63) 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 499 999 998 483 066 909 550 868 168 704 × 2 = 1 + 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 624 999 999 996 966 133 819 101 736 337 408;
  • 64) 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 624 999 999 996 966 133 819 101 736 337 408 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 249 999 999 993 932 267 638 203 472 674 816;
  • 65) 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 249 999 999 993 932 267 638 203 472 674 816 × 2 = 1 + 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 499 999 999 987 864 535 276 406 945 349 632;
  • 66) 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 499 999 999 987 864 535 276 406 945 349 632 × 2 = 0 + 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 124 999 999 999 975 729 070 552 813 890 699 264;
  • 67) 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 124 999 999 999 975 729 070 552 813 890 699 264 × 2 = 1 + 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 249 999 999 999 951 458 141 105 627 781 398 528;
  • 68) 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 249 999 999 999 951 458 141 105 627 781 398 528 × 2 = 1 + 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 499 999 999 999 902 916 282 211 255 562 797 056;
  • 69) 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 499 999 999 999 902 916 282 211 255 562 797 056 × 2 = 0 + 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 624 999 999 999 999 805 832 564 422 511 125 594 112;
  • 70) 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 624 999 999 999 999 805 832 564 422 511 125 594 112 × 2 = 1 + 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 249 999 999 999 999 611 665 128 845 022 251 188 224;
  • 71) 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 249 999 999 999 999 611 665 128 845 022 251 188 224 × 2 = 0 + 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 499 999 999 999 999 223 330 257 690 044 502 376 448;
  • 72) 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 499 999 999 999 999 223 330 257 690 044 502 376 448 × 2 = 1 + 0.231 159 210 205 078 124 999 999 999 999 998 446 660 515 380 089 004 752 896;
  • 73) 0.231 159 210 205 078 124 999 999 999 999 998 446 660 515 380 089 004 752 896 × 2 = 0 + 0.462 318 420 410 156 249 999 999 999 999 996 893 321 030 760 178 009 505 792;
  • 74) 0.462 318 420 410 156 249 999 999 999 999 996 893 321 030 760 178 009 505 792 × 2 = 0 + 0.924 636 840 820 312 499 999 999 999 999 993 786 642 061 520 356 019 011 584;
  • 75) 0.924 636 840 820 312 499 999 999 999 999 993 786 642 061 520 356 019 011 584 × 2 = 1 + 0.849 273 681 640 624 999 999 999 999 999 987 573 284 123 040 712 038 023 168;
  • 76) 0.849 273 681 640 624 999 999 999 999 999 987 573 284 123 040 712 038 023 168 × 2 = 1 + 0.698 547 363 281 249 999 999 999 999 999 975 146 568 246 081 424 076 046 336;
  • 77) 0.698 547 363 281 249 999 999 999 999 999 975 146 568 246 081 424 076 046 336 × 2 = 1 + 0.397 094 726 562 499 999 999 999 999 999 950 293 136 492 162 848 152 092 672;
  • 78) 0.397 094 726 562 499 999 999 999 999 999 950 293 136 492 162 848 152 092 672 × 2 = 0 + 0.794 189 453 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 900 586 272 984 325 696 304 185 344;
  • 79) 0.794 189 453 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 900 586 272 984 325 696 304 185 344 × 2 = 1 + 0.588 378 906 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 801 172 545 968 651 392 608 370 688;
  • 80) 0.588 378 906 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 801 172 545 968 651 392 608 370 688 × 2 = 1 + 0.176 757 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 602 345 091 937 302 785 216 741 376;
  • 81) 0.176 757 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 602 345 091 937 302 785 216 741 376 × 2 = 0 + 0.353 515 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 204 690 183 874 605 570 433 482 752;
  • 82) 0.353 515 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 204 690 183 874 605 570 433 482 752 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 031 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 409 380 367 749 211 140 866 965 504;
  • 83) 0.707 031 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 409 380 367 749 211 140 866 965 504 × 2 = 1 + 0.414 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 996 818 760 735 498 422 281 733 931 008;
  • 84) 0.414 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 996 818 760 735 498 422 281 733 931 008 × 2 = 0 + 0.828 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 993 637 521 470 996 844 563 467 862 016;
  • 85) 0.828 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 993 637 521 470 996 844 563 467 862 016 × 2 = 1 + 0.656 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 987 275 042 941 993 689 126 935 724 032;
  • 86) 0.656 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 987 275 042 941 993 689 126 935 724 032 × 2 = 1 + 0.312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 974 550 085 883 987 378 253 871 448 064;
  • 87) 0.312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 974 550 085 883 987 378 253 871 448 064 × 2 = 0 + 0.624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 949 100 171 767 974 756 507 742 896 128;
  • 88) 0.624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 949 100 171 767 974 756 507 742 896 128 × 2 = 1 + 0.249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 898 200 343 535 949 513 015 485 792 256;
  • 89) 0.249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 898 200 343 535 949 513 015 485 792 256 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 796 400 687 071 899 026 030 971 584 512;
  • 90) 0.499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 796 400 687 071 899 026 030 971 584 512 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 592 801 374 143 798 052 061 943 169 024;
  • 91) 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 592 801 374 143 798 052 061 943 169 024 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 185 602 748 287 596 104 123 886 338 048;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 701(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 701(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 39 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 701(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2) × 20 =

1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001(2) × 2-39


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -39

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-39 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-39 + 1 023)(10) =

984(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 984 ÷ 2 = 492 + 0;
  • 492 ÷ 2 = 246 + 0;
  • 246 ÷ 2 = 123 + 0;
  • 123 ÷ 2 = 61 + 1;
  • 61 ÷ 2 = 30 + 1;
  • 30 ÷ 2 = 15 + 0;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

984(10) =

011 1101 1000(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001 =

1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1101 1000

Mantissa (52 bits) =
1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001


Decimal number 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 987 701 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1101 1000 - 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100