0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 984 1 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 984 1(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 984 1(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 984 1.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 984 1 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 305 968 2;
  • 2) 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 305 968 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 611 936 4;
  • 3) 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 611 936 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 223 872 8;
  • 4) 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 223 872 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 447 745 6;
  • 5) 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 447 745 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 895 491 2;
  • 6) 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 895 491 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 790 982 4;
  • 7) 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 790 982 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 581 964 8;
  • 8) 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 581 964 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 163 929 6;
  • 9) 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 163 929 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 327 859 2;
  • 10) 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 327 859 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 655 718 4;
  • 11) 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 655 718 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 311 436 8;
  • 12) 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 311 436 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 622 873 6;
  • 13) 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 622 873 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 245 747 2;
  • 14) 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 245 747 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 146 491 494 4;
  • 15) 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 146 491 494 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 292 982 988 8;
  • 16) 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 292 982 988 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 585 965 977 6;
  • 17) 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 585 965 977 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 171 931 955 2;
  • 18) 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 171 931 955 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 343 863 910 4;
  • 19) 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 343 863 910 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 687 727 820 8;
  • 20) 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 687 727 820 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 375 455 641 6;
  • 21) 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 375 455 641 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 750 911 283 2;
  • 22) 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 750 911 283 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 501 822 566 4;
  • 23) 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 501 822 566 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 003 645 132 8;
  • 24) 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 691 003 645 132 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 382 007 290 265 6;
  • 25) 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 382 007 290 265 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 764 014 580 531 2;
  • 26) 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 764 014 580 531 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 528 029 161 062 4;
  • 27) 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 528 029 161 062 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 056 058 322 124 8;
  • 28) 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 056 058 322 124 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 112 116 644 249 6;
  • 29) 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 112 116 644 249 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 224 233 288 499 2;
  • 30) 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 224 233 288 499 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 448 466 576 998 4;
  • 31) 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 448 466 576 998 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 896 933 153 996 8;
  • 32) 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 896 933 153 996 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 793 866 307 993 6;
  • 33) 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 793 866 307 993 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 587 732 615 987 2;
  • 34) 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 587 732 615 987 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 175 465 231 974 4;
  • 35) 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 175 465 231 974 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 782 350 930 463 948 8;
  • 36) 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 782 350 930 463 948 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 564 701 860 927 897 6;
  • 37) 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 564 701 860 927 897 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 129 403 721 855 795 2;
  • 38) 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 129 403 721 855 795 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 258 807 443 711 590 4;
  • 39) 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 258 807 443 711 590 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 517 614 887 423 180 8;
  • 40) 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 517 614 887 423 180 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 035 229 774 846 361 6;
  • 41) 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 035 229 774 846 361 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 070 459 549 692 723 2;
  • 42) 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 070 459 549 692 723 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 140 919 099 385 446 4;
  • 43) 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 140 919 099 385 446 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 281 838 198 770 892 8;
  • 44) 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 281 838 198 770 892 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 848 563 676 397 541 785 6;
  • 45) 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 848 563 676 397 541 785 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 697 127 352 795 083 571 2;
  • 46) 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 697 127 352 795 083 571 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 394 254 705 590 167 142 4;
  • 47) 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 394 254 705 590 167 142 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 788 509 411 180 334 284 8;
  • 48) 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 788 509 411 180 334 284 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 577 018 822 360 668 569 6;
  • 49) 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 577 018 822 360 668 569 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 154 037 644 721 337 139 2;
  • 50) 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 154 037 644 721 337 139 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 308 075 289 442 674 278 4;
  • 51) 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 308 075 289 442 674 278 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 616 150 578 885 348 556 8;
  • 52) 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 616 150 578 885 348 556 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 232 301 157 770 697 113 6;
  • 53) 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 232 301 157 770 697 113 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 464 602 315 541 394 227 2;
  • 54) 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 464 602 315 541 394 227 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 124 929 204 631 082 788 454 4;
  • 55) 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 124 929 204 631 082 788 454 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 249 858 409 262 165 576 908 8;
  • 56) 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 249 858 409 262 165 576 908 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 499 716 818 524 331 153 817 6;
  • 57) 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 499 716 818 524 331 153 817 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 624 999 433 637 048 662 307 635 2;
  • 58) 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 624 999 433 637 048 662 307 635 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 249 998 867 274 097 324 615 270 4;
  • 59) 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 249 998 867 274 097 324 615 270 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 499 997 734 548 194 649 230 540 8;
  • 60) 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 499 997 734 548 194 649 230 540 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 124 999 995 469 096 389 298 461 081 6;
  • 61) 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 124 999 995 469 096 389 298 461 081 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 249 999 990 938 192 778 596 922 163 2;
  • 62) 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 249 999 990 938 192 778 596 922 163 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 499 999 981 876 385 557 193 844 326 4;
  • 63) 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 499 999 981 876 385 557 193 844 326 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 624 999 999 963 752 771 114 387 688 652 8;
  • 64) 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 624 999 999 963 752 771 114 387 688 652 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 249 999 999 927 505 542 228 775 377 305 6;
  • 65) 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 249 999 999 927 505 542 228 775 377 305 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 499 999 999 855 011 084 457 550 754 611 2;
  • 66) 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 499 999 999 855 011 084 457 550 754 611 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 124 999 999 999 710 022 168 915 101 509 222 4;
  • 67) 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 124 999 999 999 710 022 168 915 101 509 222 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 249 999 999 999 420 044 337 830 203 018 444 8;
  • 68) 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 249 999 999 999 420 044 337 830 203 018 444 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 499 999 999 998 840 088 675 660 406 036 889 6;
  • 69) 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 499 999 999 998 840 088 675 660 406 036 889 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 624 999 999 999 997 680 177 351 320 812 073 779 2;
  • 70) 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 624 999 999 999 997 680 177 351 320 812 073 779 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 249 999 999 999 995 360 354 702 641 624 147 558 4;
  • 71) 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 249 999 999 999 995 360 354 702 641 624 147 558 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 499 999 999 999 990 720 709 405 283 248 295 116 8;
  • 72) 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 499 999 999 999 990 720 709 405 283 248 295 116 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.231 159 210 205 078 124 999 999 999 999 981 441 418 810 566 496 590 233 6;
  • 73) 0.231 159 210 205 078 124 999 999 999 999 981 441 418 810 566 496 590 233 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.462 318 420 410 156 249 999 999 999 999 962 882 837 621 132 993 180 467 2;
  • 74) 0.462 318 420 410 156 249 999 999 999 999 962 882 837 621 132 993 180 467 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.924 636 840 820 312 499 999 999 999 999 925 765 675 242 265 986 360 934 4;
  • 75) 0.924 636 840 820 312 499 999 999 999 999 925 765 675 242 265 986 360 934 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.849 273 681 640 624 999 999 999 999 999 851 531 350 484 531 972 721 868 8;
  • 76) 0.849 273 681 640 624 999 999 999 999 999 851 531 350 484 531 972 721 868 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.698 547 363 281 249 999 999 999 999 999 703 062 700 969 063 945 443 737 6;
  • 77) 0.698 547 363 281 249 999 999 999 999 999 703 062 700 969 063 945 443 737 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.397 094 726 562 499 999 999 999 999 999 406 125 401 938 127 890 887 475 2;
  • 78) 0.397 094 726 562 499 999 999 999 999 999 406 125 401 938 127 890 887 475 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.794 189 453 124 999 999 999 999 999 998 812 250 803 876 255 781 774 950 4;
  • 79) 0.794 189 453 124 999 999 999 999 999 998 812 250 803 876 255 781 774 950 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.588 378 906 249 999 999 999 999 999 997 624 501 607 752 511 563 549 900 8;
  • 80) 0.588 378 906 249 999 999 999 999 999 997 624 501 607 752 511 563 549 900 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.176 757 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 995 249 003 215 505 023 127 099 801 6;
  • 81) 0.176 757 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 995 249 003 215 505 023 127 099 801 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.353 515 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 990 498 006 431 010 046 254 199 603 2;
  • 82) 0.353 515 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 990 498 006 431 010 046 254 199 603 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 031 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 980 996 012 862 020 092 508 399 206 4;
  • 83) 0.707 031 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 980 996 012 862 020 092 508 399 206 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.414 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 961 992 025 724 040 185 016 798 412 8;
  • 84) 0.414 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 961 992 025 724 040 185 016 798 412 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.828 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 923 984 051 448 080 370 033 596 825 6;
  • 85) 0.828 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 923 984 051 448 080 370 033 596 825 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.656 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 847 968 102 896 160 740 067 193 651 2;
  • 86) 0.656 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 847 968 102 896 160 740 067 193 651 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 695 936 205 792 321 480 134 387 302 4;
  • 87) 0.312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 695 936 205 792 321 480 134 387 302 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 391 872 411 584 642 960 268 774 604 8;
  • 88) 0.624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 391 872 411 584 642 960 268 774 604 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 783 744 823 169 285 920 537 549 209 6;
  • 89) 0.249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 783 744 823 169 285 920 537 549 209 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 997 567 489 646 338 571 841 075 098 419 2;
  • 90) 0.499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 997 567 489 646 338 571 841 075 098 419 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 995 134 979 292 677 143 682 150 196 838 4;
  • 91) 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 995 134 979 292 677 143 682 150 196 838 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 990 269 958 585 354 287 364 300 393 676 8;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 984 1(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 984 1(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 39 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 984 1(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2) × 20 =

1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001(2) × 2-39


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -39

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-39 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-39 + 1 023)(10) =

984(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 984 ÷ 2 = 492 + 0;
  • 492 ÷ 2 = 246 + 0;
  • 246 ÷ 2 = 123 + 0;
  • 123 ÷ 2 = 61 + 1;
  • 61 ÷ 2 = 30 + 1;
  • 30 ÷ 2 = 15 + 0;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

984(10) =

011 1101 1000(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001 =

1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1101 1000

Mantissa (52 bits) =
1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001


Decimal number 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 984 1 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1101 1000 - 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100