0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 976 3 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 976 3(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 976 3(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

2. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


3. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 976 3.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 976 3 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 305 952 6;
  • 2) 0.000 000 000 007 269 999 999 999 999 516 522 114 064 601 356 670 305 952 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 611 905 2;
  • 3) 0.000 000 000 014 539 999 999 999 999 033 044 228 129 202 713 340 611 905 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 223 810 4;
  • 4) 0.000 000 000 029 079 999 999 999 998 066 088 456 258 405 426 681 223 810 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 447 620 8;
  • 5) 0.000 000 000 058 159 999 999 999 996 132 176 912 516 810 853 362 447 620 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 895 241 6;
  • 6) 0.000 000 000 116 319 999 999 999 992 264 353 825 033 621 706 724 895 241 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 790 483 2;
  • 7) 0.000 000 000 232 639 999 999 999 984 528 707 650 067 243 413 449 790 483 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 580 966 4;
  • 8) 0.000 000 000 465 279 999 999 999 969 057 415 300 134 486 826 899 580 966 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 161 932 8;
  • 9) 0.000 000 000 930 559 999 999 999 938 114 830 600 268 973 653 799 161 932 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 323 865 6;
  • 10) 0.000 000 001 861 119 999 999 999 876 229 661 200 537 947 307 598 323 865 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 647 731 2;
  • 11) 0.000 000 003 722 239 999 999 999 752 459 322 401 075 894 615 196 647 731 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 295 462 4;
  • 12) 0.000 000 007 444 479 999 999 999 504 918 644 802 151 789 230 393 295 462 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 590 924 8;
  • 13) 0.000 000 014 888 959 999 999 999 009 837 289 604 303 578 460 786 590 924 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 181 849 6;
  • 14) 0.000 000 029 777 919 999 999 998 019 674 579 208 607 156 921 573 181 849 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 146 363 699 2;
  • 15) 0.000 000 059 555 839 999 999 996 039 349 158 417 214 313 843 146 363 699 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 292 727 398 4;
  • 16) 0.000 000 119 111 679 999 999 992 078 698 316 834 428 627 686 292 727 398 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 585 454 796 8;
  • 17) 0.000 000 238 223 359 999 999 984 157 396 633 668 857 255 372 585 454 796 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 170 909 593 6;
  • 18) 0.000 000 476 446 719 999 999 968 314 793 267 337 714 510 745 170 909 593 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 341 819 187 2;
  • 19) 0.000 000 952 893 439 999 999 936 629 586 534 675 429 021 490 341 819 187 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 683 638 374 4;
  • 20) 0.000 001 905 786 879 999 999 873 259 173 069 350 858 042 980 683 638 374 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 367 276 748 8;
  • 21) 0.000 003 811 573 759 999 999 746 518 346 138 701 716 085 961 367 276 748 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 734 553 497 6;
  • 22) 0.000 007 623 147 519 999 999 493 036 692 277 403 432 171 922 734 553 497 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 469 106 995 2;
  • 23) 0.000 015 246 295 039 999 998 986 073 384 554 806 864 343 845 469 106 995 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 690 938 213 990 4;
  • 24) 0.000 030 492 590 079 999 997 972 146 769 109 613 728 687 690 938 213 990 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 381 876 427 980 8;
  • 25) 0.000 060 985 180 159 999 995 944 293 538 219 227 457 375 381 876 427 980 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 763 752 855 961 6;
  • 26) 0.000 121 970 360 319 999 991 888 587 076 438 454 914 750 763 752 855 961 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 527 505 711 923 2;
  • 27) 0.000 243 940 720 639 999 983 777 174 152 876 909 829 501 527 505 711 923 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 055 011 423 846 4;
  • 28) 0.000 487 881 441 279 999 967 554 348 305 753 819 659 003 055 011 423 846 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 110 022 847 692 8;
  • 29) 0.000 975 762 882 559 999 935 108 696 611 507 639 318 006 110 022 847 692 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 220 045 695 385 6;
  • 30) 0.001 951 525 765 119 999 870 217 393 223 015 278 636 012 220 045 695 385 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 440 091 390 771 2;
  • 31) 0.003 903 051 530 239 999 740 434 786 446 030 557 272 024 440 091 390 771 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 880 182 781 542 4;
  • 32) 0.007 806 103 060 479 999 480 869 572 892 061 114 544 048 880 182 781 542 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 760 365 563 084 8;
  • 33) 0.015 612 206 120 959 998 961 739 145 784 122 229 088 097 760 365 563 084 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 520 731 126 169 6;
  • 34) 0.031 224 412 241 919 997 923 478 291 568 244 458 176 195 520 731 126 169 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 041 462 252 339 2;
  • 35) 0.062 448 824 483 839 995 846 956 583 136 488 916 352 391 041 462 252 339 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 782 082 924 504 678 4;
  • 36) 0.124 897 648 967 679 991 693 913 166 272 977 832 704 782 082 924 504 678 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 564 165 849 009 356 8;
  • 37) 0.249 795 297 935 359 983 387 826 332 545 955 665 409 564 165 849 009 356 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 128 331 698 018 713 6;
  • 38) 0.499 590 595 870 719 966 775 652 665 091 911 330 819 128 331 698 018 713 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 256 663 396 037 427 2;
  • 39) 0.999 181 191 741 439 933 551 305 330 183 822 661 638 256 663 396 037 427 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 513 326 792 074 854 4;
  • 40) 0.998 362 383 482 879 867 102 610 660 367 645 323 276 513 326 792 074 854 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 026 653 584 149 708 8;
  • 41) 0.996 724 766 965 759 734 205 221 320 735 290 646 553 026 653 584 149 708 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 053 307 168 299 417 6;
  • 42) 0.993 449 533 931 519 468 410 442 641 470 581 293 106 053 307 168 299 417 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 106 614 336 598 835 2;
  • 43) 0.986 899 067 863 038 936 820 885 282 941 162 586 212 106 614 336 598 835 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 213 228 673 197 670 4;
  • 44) 0.973 798 135 726 077 873 641 770 565 882 325 172 424 213 228 673 197 670 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 848 426 457 346 395 340 8;
  • 45) 0.947 596 271 452 155 747 283 541 131 764 650 344 848 426 457 346 395 340 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 696 852 914 692 790 681 6;
  • 46) 0.895 192 542 904 311 494 567 082 263 529 300 689 696 852 914 692 790 681 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 393 705 829 385 581 363 2;
  • 47) 0.790 385 085 808 622 989 134 164 527 058 601 379 393 705 829 385 581 363 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 787 411 658 771 162 726 4;
  • 48) 0.580 770 171 617 245 978 268 329 054 117 202 758 787 411 658 771 162 726 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 574 823 317 542 325 452 8;
  • 49) 0.161 540 343 234 491 956 536 658 108 234 405 517 574 823 317 542 325 452 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 149 646 635 084 650 905 6;
  • 50) 0.323 080 686 468 983 913 073 316 216 468 811 035 149 646 635 084 650 905 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 299 293 270 169 301 811 2;
  • 51) 0.646 161 372 937 967 826 146 632 432 937 622 070 299 293 270 169 301 811 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 598 586 540 338 603 622 4;
  • 52) 0.292 322 745 875 935 652 293 264 865 875 244 140 598 586 540 338 603 622 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 197 173 080 677 207 244 8;
  • 53) 0.584 645 491 751 871 304 586 529 731 750 488 281 197 173 080 677 207 244 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 394 346 161 354 414 489 6;
  • 54) 0.169 290 983 503 742 609 173 059 463 500 976 562 394 346 161 354 414 489 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 124 788 692 322 708 828 979 2;
  • 55) 0.338 581 967 007 485 218 346 118 927 001 953 124 788 692 322 708 828 979 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 249 577 384 645 417 657 958 4;
  • 56) 0.677 163 934 014 970 436 692 237 854 003 906 249 577 384 645 417 657 958 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 499 154 769 290 835 315 916 8;
  • 57) 0.354 327 868 029 940 873 384 475 708 007 812 499 154 769 290 835 315 916 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 624 998 309 538 581 670 631 833 6;
  • 58) 0.708 655 736 059 881 746 768 951 416 015 624 998 309 538 581 670 631 833 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 249 996 619 077 163 341 263 667 2;
  • 59) 0.417 311 472 119 763 493 537 902 832 031 249 996 619 077 163 341 263 667 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 499 993 238 154 326 682 527 334 4;
  • 60) 0.834 622 944 239 526 987 075 805 664 062 499 993 238 154 326 682 527 334 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 124 999 986 476 308 653 365 054 668 8;
  • 61) 0.669 245 888 479 053 974 151 611 328 124 999 986 476 308 653 365 054 668 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 249 999 972 952 617 306 730 109 337 6;
  • 62) 0.338 491 776 958 107 948 303 222 656 249 999 972 952 617 306 730 109 337 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 499 999 945 905 234 613 460 218 675 2;
  • 63) 0.676 983 553 916 215 896 606 445 312 499 999 945 905 234 613 460 218 675 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 624 999 999 891 810 469 226 920 437 350 4;
  • 64) 0.353 967 107 832 431 793 212 890 624 999 999 891 810 469 226 920 437 350 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 249 999 999 783 620 938 453 840 874 700 8;
  • 65) 0.707 934 215 664 863 586 425 781 249 999 999 783 620 938 453 840 874 700 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 499 999 999 567 241 876 907 681 749 401 6;
  • 66) 0.415 868 431 329 727 172 851 562 499 999 999 567 241 876 907 681 749 401 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 124 999 999 999 134 483 753 815 363 498 803 2;
  • 67) 0.831 736 862 659 454 345 703 124 999 999 999 134 483 753 815 363 498 803 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 249 999 999 998 268 967 507 630 726 997 606 4;
  • 68) 0.663 473 725 318 908 691 406 249 999 999 998 268 967 507 630 726 997 606 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 499 999 999 996 537 935 015 261 453 995 212 8;
  • 69) 0.326 947 450 637 817 382 812 499 999 999 996 537 935 015 261 453 995 212 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 624 999 999 999 993 075 870 030 522 907 990 425 6;
  • 70) 0.653 894 901 275 634 765 624 999 999 999 993 075 870 030 522 907 990 425 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 249 999 999 999 986 151 740 061 045 815 980 851 2;
  • 71) 0.307 789 802 551 269 531 249 999 999 999 986 151 740 061 045 815 980 851 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 499 999 999 999 972 303 480 122 091 631 961 702 4;
  • 72) 0.615 579 605 102 539 062 499 999 999 999 972 303 480 122 091 631 961 702 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.231 159 210 205 078 124 999 999 999 999 944 606 960 244 183 263 923 404 8;
  • 73) 0.231 159 210 205 078 124 999 999 999 999 944 606 960 244 183 263 923 404 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.462 318 420 410 156 249 999 999 999 999 889 213 920 488 366 527 846 809 6;
  • 74) 0.462 318 420 410 156 249 999 999 999 999 889 213 920 488 366 527 846 809 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.924 636 840 820 312 499 999 999 999 999 778 427 840 976 733 055 693 619 2;
  • 75) 0.924 636 840 820 312 499 999 999 999 999 778 427 840 976 733 055 693 619 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.849 273 681 640 624 999 999 999 999 999 556 855 681 953 466 111 387 238 4;
  • 76) 0.849 273 681 640 624 999 999 999 999 999 556 855 681 953 466 111 387 238 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.698 547 363 281 249 999 999 999 999 999 113 711 363 906 932 222 774 476 8;
  • 77) 0.698 547 363 281 249 999 999 999 999 999 113 711 363 906 932 222 774 476 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.397 094 726 562 499 999 999 999 999 998 227 422 727 813 864 445 548 953 6;
  • 78) 0.397 094 726 562 499 999 999 999 999 998 227 422 727 813 864 445 548 953 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.794 189 453 124 999 999 999 999 999 996 454 845 455 627 728 891 097 907 2;
  • 79) 0.794 189 453 124 999 999 999 999 999 996 454 845 455 627 728 891 097 907 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.588 378 906 249 999 999 999 999 999 992 909 690 911 255 457 782 195 814 4;
  • 80) 0.588 378 906 249 999 999 999 999 999 992 909 690 911 255 457 782 195 814 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.176 757 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 985 819 381 822 510 915 564 391 628 8;
  • 81) 0.176 757 812 499 999 999 999 999 999 985 819 381 822 510 915 564 391 628 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.353 515 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 971 638 763 645 021 831 128 783 257 6;
  • 82) 0.353 515 624 999 999 999 999 999 999 971 638 763 645 021 831 128 783 257 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.707 031 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 943 277 527 290 043 662 257 566 515 2;
  • 83) 0.707 031 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 943 277 527 290 043 662 257 566 515 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.414 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 886 555 054 580 087 324 515 133 030 4;
  • 84) 0.414 062 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 886 555 054 580 087 324 515 133 030 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.828 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 773 110 109 160 174 649 030 266 060 8;
  • 85) 0.828 124 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 773 110 109 160 174 649 030 266 060 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.656 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 546 220 218 320 349 298 060 532 121 6;
  • 86) 0.656 249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 546 220 218 320 349 298 060 532 121 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 092 440 436 640 698 596 121 064 243 2;
  • 87) 0.312 499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 092 440 436 640 698 596 121 064 243 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 184 880 873 281 397 192 242 128 486 4;
  • 88) 0.624 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 998 184 880 873 281 397 192 242 128 486 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 996 369 761 746 562 794 384 484 256 972 8;
  • 89) 0.249 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 996 369 761 746 562 794 384 484 256 972 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 992 739 523 493 125 588 768 968 513 945 6;
  • 90) 0.499 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 992 739 523 493 125 588 768 968 513 945 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 985 479 046 986 251 177 537 937 027 891 2;
  • 91) 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 985 479 046 986 251 177 537 937 027 891 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 970 958 093 972 502 355 075 874 055 782 4;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


4. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 976 3(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2)

5. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 976 3(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2)

6. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 39 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 976 3(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 1111 1111 0010 1001 0101 1010 1011 0101 0011 1011 0010 1101 001(2) × 20 =

1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001(2) × 2-39


7. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 0 (a positive number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -39

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001


8. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-39 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-39 + 1 023)(10) =

984(10)


9. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 984 ÷ 2 = 492 + 0;
  • 492 ÷ 2 = 246 + 0;
  • 246 ÷ 2 = 123 + 0;
  • 123 ÷ 2 = 61 + 1;
  • 61 ÷ 2 = 30 + 1;
  • 30 ÷ 2 = 15 + 0;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

10. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

984(10) =

011 1101 1000(2)


11. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001 =

1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001


12. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
0 (a positive number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1101 1000

Mantissa (52 bits) =
1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001


Decimal number 0.000 000 000 003 634 999 999 999 999 758 261 057 032 300 678 335 152 976 3 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

0 - 011 1101 1000 - 1111 1111 1001 0100 1010 1101 0101 1010 1001 1101 1001 0110 1001

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100