-0.016 738 891 601 562 496 554 8 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal -0.016 738 891 601 562 496 554 8(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
-0.016 738 891 601 562 496 554 8(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. Start with the positive version of the number:

|-0.016 738 891 601 562 496 554 8| = 0.016 738 891 601 562 496 554 8


2. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


4. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.016 738 891 601 562 496 554 8.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.016 738 891 601 562 496 554 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.033 477 783 203 124 993 109 6;
  • 2) 0.033 477 783 203 124 993 109 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.066 955 566 406 249 986 219 2;
  • 3) 0.066 955 566 406 249 986 219 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.133 911 132 812 499 972 438 4;
  • 4) 0.133 911 132 812 499 972 438 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.267 822 265 624 999 944 876 8;
  • 5) 0.267 822 265 624 999 944 876 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.535 644 531 249 999 889 753 6;
  • 6) 0.535 644 531 249 999 889 753 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.071 289 062 499 999 779 507 2;
  • 7) 0.071 289 062 499 999 779 507 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.142 578 124 999 999 559 014 4;
  • 8) 0.142 578 124 999 999 559 014 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.285 156 249 999 999 118 028 8;
  • 9) 0.285 156 249 999 999 118 028 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.570 312 499 999 998 236 057 6;
  • 10) 0.570 312 499 999 998 236 057 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.140 624 999 999 996 472 115 2;
  • 11) 0.140 624 999 999 996 472 115 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.281 249 999 999 992 944 230 4;
  • 12) 0.281 249 999 999 992 944 230 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.562 499 999 999 985 888 460 8;
  • 13) 0.562 499 999 999 985 888 460 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.124 999 999 999 971 776 921 6;
  • 14) 0.124 999 999 999 971 776 921 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.249 999 999 999 943 553 843 2;
  • 15) 0.249 999 999 999 943 553 843 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 999 999 999 887 107 686 4;
  • 16) 0.499 999 999 999 887 107 686 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 999 999 999 774 215 372 8;
  • 17) 0.999 999 999 999 774 215 372 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 548 430 745 6;
  • 18) 0.999 999 999 999 548 430 745 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 096 861 491 2;
  • 19) 0.999 999 999 999 096 861 491 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 998 193 722 982 4;
  • 20) 0.999 999 999 998 193 722 982 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 996 387 445 964 8;
  • 21) 0.999 999 999 996 387 445 964 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 992 774 891 929 6;
  • 22) 0.999 999 999 992 774 891 929 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 985 549 783 859 2;
  • 23) 0.999 999 999 985 549 783 859 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 971 099 567 718 4;
  • 24) 0.999 999 999 971 099 567 718 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 942 199 135 436 8;
  • 25) 0.999 999 999 942 199 135 436 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 884 398 270 873 6;
  • 26) 0.999 999 999 884 398 270 873 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 768 796 541 747 2;
  • 27) 0.999 999 999 768 796 541 747 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 537 593 083 494 4;
  • 28) 0.999 999 999 537 593 083 494 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 075 186 166 988 8;
  • 29) 0.999 999 999 075 186 166 988 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 998 150 372 333 977 6;
  • 30) 0.999 999 998 150 372 333 977 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 996 300 744 667 955 2;
  • 31) 0.999 999 996 300 744 667 955 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 992 601 489 335 910 4;
  • 32) 0.999 999 992 601 489 335 910 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 985 202 978 671 820 8;
  • 33) 0.999 999 985 202 978 671 820 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 970 405 957 343 641 6;
  • 34) 0.999 999 970 405 957 343 641 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 940 811 914 687 283 2;
  • 35) 0.999 999 940 811 914 687 283 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 881 623 829 374 566 4;
  • 36) 0.999 999 881 623 829 374 566 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 763 247 658 749 132 8;
  • 37) 0.999 999 763 247 658 749 132 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 526 495 317 498 265 6;
  • 38) 0.999 999 526 495 317 498 265 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 052 990 634 996 531 2;
  • 39) 0.999 999 052 990 634 996 531 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 998 105 981 269 993 062 4;
  • 40) 0.999 998 105 981 269 993 062 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 996 211 962 539 986 124 8;
  • 41) 0.999 996 211 962 539 986 124 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 992 423 925 079 972 249 6;
  • 42) 0.999 992 423 925 079 972 249 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 984 847 850 159 944 499 2;
  • 43) 0.999 984 847 850 159 944 499 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 969 695 700 319 888 998 4;
  • 44) 0.999 969 695 700 319 888 998 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 939 391 400 639 777 996 8;
  • 45) 0.999 939 391 400 639 777 996 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 878 782 801 279 555 993 6;
  • 46) 0.999 878 782 801 279 555 993 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 757 565 602 559 111 987 2;
  • 47) 0.999 757 565 602 559 111 987 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 515 131 205 118 223 974 4;
  • 48) 0.999 515 131 205 118 223 974 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 030 262 410 236 447 948 8;
  • 49) 0.999 030 262 410 236 447 948 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.998 060 524 820 472 895 897 6;
  • 50) 0.998 060 524 820 472 895 897 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.996 121 049 640 945 791 795 2;
  • 51) 0.996 121 049 640 945 791 795 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.992 242 099 281 891 583 590 4;
  • 52) 0.992 242 099 281 891 583 590 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.984 484 198 563 783 167 180 8;
  • 53) 0.984 484 198 563 783 167 180 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.968 968 397 127 566 334 361 6;
  • 54) 0.968 968 397 127 566 334 361 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.937 936 794 255 132 668 723 2;
  • 55) 0.937 936 794 255 132 668 723 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.875 873 588 510 265 337 446 4;
  • 56) 0.875 873 588 510 265 337 446 4 × 2 = 1 + 0.751 747 177 020 530 674 892 8;
  • 57) 0.751 747 177 020 530 674 892 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.503 494 354 041 061 349 785 6;
  • 58) 0.503 494 354 041 061 349 785 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.006 988 708 082 122 699 571 2;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.016 738 891 601 562 496 554 8(10) =

0.0000 0100 0100 1000 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 11(2)

6. Positive number before normalization:

0.016 738 891 601 562 496 554 8(10) =

0.0000 0100 0100 1000 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 11(2)

7. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 6 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.016 738 891 601 562 496 554 8(10) =

0.0000 0100 0100 1000 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 11(2) =

0.0000 0100 0100 1000 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 11(2) × 20 =

1.0001 0010 0011 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111(2) × 2-6


8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 1 (a negative number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -6

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.0001 0010 0011 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111


9. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-6 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-6 + 1 023)(10) =

1 017(10)


10. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 017 ÷ 2 = 508 + 1;
  • 508 ÷ 2 = 254 + 0;
  • 254 ÷ 2 = 127 + 0;
  • 127 ÷ 2 = 63 + 1;
  • 63 ÷ 2 = 31 + 1;
  • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

11. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

1017(10) =

011 1111 1001(2)


12. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 0001 0010 0011 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 =

0001 0010 0011 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111


13. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
1 (a negative number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1111 1001

Mantissa (52 bits) =
0001 0010 0011 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111


Decimal number -0.016 738 891 601 562 496 554 8 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

1 - 011 1111 1001 - 0001 0010 0011 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100