-0.016 738 891 601 562 496 530 553 041 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal -0.016 738 891 601 562 496 530 553 041(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
-0.016 738 891 601 562 496 530 553 041(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. Start with the positive version of the number:

|-0.016 738 891 601 562 496 530 553 041| = 0.016 738 891 601 562 496 530 553 041


2. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


4. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.016 738 891 601 562 496 530 553 041.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.016 738 891 601 562 496 530 553 041 × 2 = 0 + 0.033 477 783 203 124 993 061 106 082;
  • 2) 0.033 477 783 203 124 993 061 106 082 × 2 = 0 + 0.066 955 566 406 249 986 122 212 164;
  • 3) 0.066 955 566 406 249 986 122 212 164 × 2 = 0 + 0.133 911 132 812 499 972 244 424 328;
  • 4) 0.133 911 132 812 499 972 244 424 328 × 2 = 0 + 0.267 822 265 624 999 944 488 848 656;
  • 5) 0.267 822 265 624 999 944 488 848 656 × 2 = 0 + 0.535 644 531 249 999 888 977 697 312;
  • 6) 0.535 644 531 249 999 888 977 697 312 × 2 = 1 + 0.071 289 062 499 999 777 955 394 624;
  • 7) 0.071 289 062 499 999 777 955 394 624 × 2 = 0 + 0.142 578 124 999 999 555 910 789 248;
  • 8) 0.142 578 124 999 999 555 910 789 248 × 2 = 0 + 0.285 156 249 999 999 111 821 578 496;
  • 9) 0.285 156 249 999 999 111 821 578 496 × 2 = 0 + 0.570 312 499 999 998 223 643 156 992;
  • 10) 0.570 312 499 999 998 223 643 156 992 × 2 = 1 + 0.140 624 999 999 996 447 286 313 984;
  • 11) 0.140 624 999 999 996 447 286 313 984 × 2 = 0 + 0.281 249 999 999 992 894 572 627 968;
  • 12) 0.281 249 999 999 992 894 572 627 968 × 2 = 0 + 0.562 499 999 999 985 789 145 255 936;
  • 13) 0.562 499 999 999 985 789 145 255 936 × 2 = 1 + 0.124 999 999 999 971 578 290 511 872;
  • 14) 0.124 999 999 999 971 578 290 511 872 × 2 = 0 + 0.249 999 999 999 943 156 581 023 744;
  • 15) 0.249 999 999 999 943 156 581 023 744 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 999 999 999 886 313 162 047 488;
  • 16) 0.499 999 999 999 886 313 162 047 488 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 999 999 999 772 626 324 094 976;
  • 17) 0.999 999 999 999 772 626 324 094 976 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 545 252 648 189 952;
  • 18) 0.999 999 999 999 545 252 648 189 952 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 090 505 296 379 904;
  • 19) 0.999 999 999 999 090 505 296 379 904 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 998 181 010 592 759 808;
  • 20) 0.999 999 999 998 181 010 592 759 808 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 996 362 021 185 519 616;
  • 21) 0.999 999 999 996 362 021 185 519 616 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 992 724 042 371 039 232;
  • 22) 0.999 999 999 992 724 042 371 039 232 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 985 448 084 742 078 464;
  • 23) 0.999 999 999 985 448 084 742 078 464 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 970 896 169 484 156 928;
  • 24) 0.999 999 999 970 896 169 484 156 928 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 941 792 338 968 313 856;
  • 25) 0.999 999 999 941 792 338 968 313 856 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 883 584 677 936 627 712;
  • 26) 0.999 999 999 883 584 677 936 627 712 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 767 169 355 873 255 424;
  • 27) 0.999 999 999 767 169 355 873 255 424 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 534 338 711 746 510 848;
  • 28) 0.999 999 999 534 338 711 746 510 848 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 068 677 423 493 021 696;
  • 29) 0.999 999 999 068 677 423 493 021 696 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 998 137 354 846 986 043 392;
  • 30) 0.999 999 998 137 354 846 986 043 392 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 996 274 709 693 972 086 784;
  • 31) 0.999 999 996 274 709 693 972 086 784 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 992 549 419 387 944 173 568;
  • 32) 0.999 999 992 549 419 387 944 173 568 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 985 098 838 775 888 347 136;
  • 33) 0.999 999 985 098 838 775 888 347 136 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 970 197 677 551 776 694 272;
  • 34) 0.999 999 970 197 677 551 776 694 272 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 940 395 355 103 553 388 544;
  • 35) 0.999 999 940 395 355 103 553 388 544 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 880 790 710 207 106 777 088;
  • 36) 0.999 999 880 790 710 207 106 777 088 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 761 581 420 414 213 554 176;
  • 37) 0.999 999 761 581 420 414 213 554 176 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 523 162 840 828 427 108 352;
  • 38) 0.999 999 523 162 840 828 427 108 352 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 046 325 681 656 854 216 704;
  • 39) 0.999 999 046 325 681 656 854 216 704 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 998 092 651 363 313 708 433 408;
  • 40) 0.999 998 092 651 363 313 708 433 408 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 996 185 302 726 627 416 866 816;
  • 41) 0.999 996 185 302 726 627 416 866 816 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 992 370 605 453 254 833 733 632;
  • 42) 0.999 992 370 605 453 254 833 733 632 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 984 741 210 906 509 667 467 264;
  • 43) 0.999 984 741 210 906 509 667 467 264 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 969 482 421 813 019 334 934 528;
  • 44) 0.999 969 482 421 813 019 334 934 528 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 938 964 843 626 038 669 869 056;
  • 45) 0.999 938 964 843 626 038 669 869 056 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 877 929 687 252 077 339 738 112;
  • 46) 0.999 877 929 687 252 077 339 738 112 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 755 859 374 504 154 679 476 224;
  • 47) 0.999 755 859 374 504 154 679 476 224 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 511 718 749 008 309 358 952 448;
  • 48) 0.999 511 718 749 008 309 358 952 448 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 023 437 498 016 618 717 904 896;
  • 49) 0.999 023 437 498 016 618 717 904 896 × 2 = 1 + 0.998 046 874 996 033 237 435 809 792;
  • 50) 0.998 046 874 996 033 237 435 809 792 × 2 = 1 + 0.996 093 749 992 066 474 871 619 584;
  • 51) 0.996 093 749 992 066 474 871 619 584 × 2 = 1 + 0.992 187 499 984 132 949 743 239 168;
  • 52) 0.992 187 499 984 132 949 743 239 168 × 2 = 1 + 0.984 374 999 968 265 899 486 478 336;
  • 53) 0.984 374 999 968 265 899 486 478 336 × 2 = 1 + 0.968 749 999 936 531 798 972 956 672;
  • 54) 0.968 749 999 936 531 798 972 956 672 × 2 = 1 + 0.937 499 999 873 063 597 945 913 344;
  • 55) 0.937 499 999 873 063 597 945 913 344 × 2 = 1 + 0.874 999 999 746 127 195 891 826 688;
  • 56) 0.874 999 999 746 127 195 891 826 688 × 2 = 1 + 0.749 999 999 492 254 391 783 653 376;
  • 57) 0.749 999 999 492 254 391 783 653 376 × 2 = 1 + 0.499 999 998 984 508 783 567 306 752;
  • 58) 0.499 999 998 984 508 783 567 306 752 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 999 997 969 017 567 134 613 504;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.016 738 891 601 562 496 530 553 041(10) =

0.0000 0100 0100 1000 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 10(2)

6. Positive number before normalization:

0.016 738 891 601 562 496 530 553 041(10) =

0.0000 0100 0100 1000 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 10(2)

7. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 6 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.016 738 891 601 562 496 530 553 041(10) =

0.0000 0100 0100 1000 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 10(2) =

0.0000 0100 0100 1000 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 10(2) × 20 =

1.0001 0010 0011 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110(2) × 2-6


8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 1 (a negative number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -6

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.0001 0010 0011 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110


9. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-6 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-6 + 1 023)(10) =

1 017(10)


10. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 017 ÷ 2 = 508 + 1;
  • 508 ÷ 2 = 254 + 0;
  • 254 ÷ 2 = 127 + 0;
  • 127 ÷ 2 = 63 + 1;
  • 63 ÷ 2 = 31 + 1;
  • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

11. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

1017(10) =

011 1111 1001(2)


12. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 0001 0010 0011 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110 =

0001 0010 0011 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110


13. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
1 (a negative number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1111 1001

Mantissa (52 bits) =
0001 0010 0011 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110


Decimal number -0.016 738 891 601 562 496 530 553 041 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

1 - 011 1111 1001 - 0001 0010 0011 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100