-0.016 738 891 601 562 496 530 552 993 Converted to 64 Bit Double Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal -0.016 738 891 601 562 496 530 552 993(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
-0.016 738 891 601 562 496 530 552 993(10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 11 bits for exponent, 52 bits for mantissa)

1. Start with the positive version of the number:

|-0.016 738 891 601 562 496 530 552 993| = 0.016 738 891 601 562 496 530 552 993


2. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


4. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.016 738 891 601 562 496 530 552 993.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.016 738 891 601 562 496 530 552 993 × 2 = 0 + 0.033 477 783 203 124 993 061 105 986;
  • 2) 0.033 477 783 203 124 993 061 105 986 × 2 = 0 + 0.066 955 566 406 249 986 122 211 972;
  • 3) 0.066 955 566 406 249 986 122 211 972 × 2 = 0 + 0.133 911 132 812 499 972 244 423 944;
  • 4) 0.133 911 132 812 499 972 244 423 944 × 2 = 0 + 0.267 822 265 624 999 944 488 847 888;
  • 5) 0.267 822 265 624 999 944 488 847 888 × 2 = 0 + 0.535 644 531 249 999 888 977 695 776;
  • 6) 0.535 644 531 249 999 888 977 695 776 × 2 = 1 + 0.071 289 062 499 999 777 955 391 552;
  • 7) 0.071 289 062 499 999 777 955 391 552 × 2 = 0 + 0.142 578 124 999 999 555 910 783 104;
  • 8) 0.142 578 124 999 999 555 910 783 104 × 2 = 0 + 0.285 156 249 999 999 111 821 566 208;
  • 9) 0.285 156 249 999 999 111 821 566 208 × 2 = 0 + 0.570 312 499 999 998 223 643 132 416;
  • 10) 0.570 312 499 999 998 223 643 132 416 × 2 = 1 + 0.140 624 999 999 996 447 286 264 832;
  • 11) 0.140 624 999 999 996 447 286 264 832 × 2 = 0 + 0.281 249 999 999 992 894 572 529 664;
  • 12) 0.281 249 999 999 992 894 572 529 664 × 2 = 0 + 0.562 499 999 999 985 789 145 059 328;
  • 13) 0.562 499 999 999 985 789 145 059 328 × 2 = 1 + 0.124 999 999 999 971 578 290 118 656;
  • 14) 0.124 999 999 999 971 578 290 118 656 × 2 = 0 + 0.249 999 999 999 943 156 580 237 312;
  • 15) 0.249 999 999 999 943 156 580 237 312 × 2 = 0 + 0.499 999 999 999 886 313 160 474 624;
  • 16) 0.499 999 999 999 886 313 160 474 624 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 999 999 999 772 626 320 949 248;
  • 17) 0.999 999 999 999 772 626 320 949 248 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 545 252 641 898 496;
  • 18) 0.999 999 999 999 545 252 641 898 496 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 999 090 505 283 796 992;
  • 19) 0.999 999 999 999 090 505 283 796 992 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 998 181 010 567 593 984;
  • 20) 0.999 999 999 998 181 010 567 593 984 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 996 362 021 135 187 968;
  • 21) 0.999 999 999 996 362 021 135 187 968 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 992 724 042 270 375 936;
  • 22) 0.999 999 999 992 724 042 270 375 936 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 985 448 084 540 751 872;
  • 23) 0.999 999 999 985 448 084 540 751 872 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 970 896 169 081 503 744;
  • 24) 0.999 999 999 970 896 169 081 503 744 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 941 792 338 163 007 488;
  • 25) 0.999 999 999 941 792 338 163 007 488 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 883 584 676 326 014 976;
  • 26) 0.999 999 999 883 584 676 326 014 976 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 767 169 352 652 029 952;
  • 27) 0.999 999 999 767 169 352 652 029 952 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 534 338 705 304 059 904;
  • 28) 0.999 999 999 534 338 705 304 059 904 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 999 068 677 410 608 119 808;
  • 29) 0.999 999 999 068 677 410 608 119 808 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 998 137 354 821 216 239 616;
  • 30) 0.999 999 998 137 354 821 216 239 616 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 996 274 709 642 432 479 232;
  • 31) 0.999 999 996 274 709 642 432 479 232 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 992 549 419 284 864 958 464;
  • 32) 0.999 999 992 549 419 284 864 958 464 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 985 098 838 569 729 916 928;
  • 33) 0.999 999 985 098 838 569 729 916 928 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 970 197 677 139 459 833 856;
  • 34) 0.999 999 970 197 677 139 459 833 856 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 940 395 354 278 919 667 712;
  • 35) 0.999 999 940 395 354 278 919 667 712 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 880 790 708 557 839 335 424;
  • 36) 0.999 999 880 790 708 557 839 335 424 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 761 581 417 115 678 670 848;
  • 37) 0.999 999 761 581 417 115 678 670 848 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 523 162 834 231 357 341 696;
  • 38) 0.999 999 523 162 834 231 357 341 696 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 999 046 325 668 462 714 683 392;
  • 39) 0.999 999 046 325 668 462 714 683 392 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 998 092 651 336 925 429 366 784;
  • 40) 0.999 998 092 651 336 925 429 366 784 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 996 185 302 673 850 858 733 568;
  • 41) 0.999 996 185 302 673 850 858 733 568 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 992 370 605 347 701 717 467 136;
  • 42) 0.999 992 370 605 347 701 717 467 136 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 984 741 210 695 403 434 934 272;
  • 43) 0.999 984 741 210 695 403 434 934 272 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 969 482 421 390 806 869 868 544;
  • 44) 0.999 969 482 421 390 806 869 868 544 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 938 964 842 781 613 739 737 088;
  • 45) 0.999 938 964 842 781 613 739 737 088 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 877 929 685 563 227 479 474 176;
  • 46) 0.999 877 929 685 563 227 479 474 176 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 755 859 371 126 454 958 948 352;
  • 47) 0.999 755 859 371 126 454 958 948 352 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 511 718 742 252 909 917 896 704;
  • 48) 0.999 511 718 742 252 909 917 896 704 × 2 = 1 + 0.999 023 437 484 505 819 835 793 408;
  • 49) 0.999 023 437 484 505 819 835 793 408 × 2 = 1 + 0.998 046 874 969 011 639 671 586 816;
  • 50) 0.998 046 874 969 011 639 671 586 816 × 2 = 1 + 0.996 093 749 938 023 279 343 173 632;
  • 51) 0.996 093 749 938 023 279 343 173 632 × 2 = 1 + 0.992 187 499 876 046 558 686 347 264;
  • 52) 0.992 187 499 876 046 558 686 347 264 × 2 = 1 + 0.984 374 999 752 093 117 372 694 528;
  • 53) 0.984 374 999 752 093 117 372 694 528 × 2 = 1 + 0.968 749 999 504 186 234 745 389 056;
  • 54) 0.968 749 999 504 186 234 745 389 056 × 2 = 1 + 0.937 499 999 008 372 469 490 778 112;
  • 55) 0.937 499 999 008 372 469 490 778 112 × 2 = 1 + 0.874 999 998 016 744 938 981 556 224;
  • 56) 0.874 999 998 016 744 938 981 556 224 × 2 = 1 + 0.749 999 996 033 489 877 963 112 448;
  • 57) 0.749 999 996 033 489 877 963 112 448 × 2 = 1 + 0.499 999 992 066 979 755 926 224 896;
  • 58) 0.499 999 992 066 979 755 926 224 896 × 2 = 0 + 0.999 999 984 133 959 511 852 449 792;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.016 738 891 601 562 496 530 552 993(10) =

0.0000 0100 0100 1000 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 10(2)

6. Positive number before normalization:

0.016 738 891 601 562 496 530 552 993(10) =

0.0000 0100 0100 1000 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 10(2)

7. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 6 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.016 738 891 601 562 496 530 552 993(10) =

0.0000 0100 0100 1000 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 10(2) =

0.0000 0100 0100 1000 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 10(2) × 20 =

1.0001 0010 0011 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110(2) × 2-6


8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 1 (a negative number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -6

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.0001 0010 0011 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110


9. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 11 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 =

-6 + 2(11-1) - 1 =

(-6 + 1 023)(10) =

1 017(10)


10. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 1 017 ÷ 2 = 508 + 1;
  • 508 ÷ 2 = 254 + 0;
  • 254 ÷ 2 = 127 + 0;
  • 127 ÷ 2 = 63 + 1;
  • 63 ÷ 2 = 31 + 1;
  • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
  • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

11. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

1017(10) =

011 1111 1001(2)


12. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 52 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 0001 0010 0011 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110 =

0001 0010 0011 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110


13. The three elements that make up the number's 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
1 (a negative number)

Exponent (11 bits) =
011 1111 1001

Mantissa (52 bits) =
0001 0010 0011 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110


Decimal number -0.016 738 891 601 562 496 530 552 993 converted to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

1 - 011 1111 1001 - 0001 0010 0011 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110

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How to convert numbers from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders from the previous operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the list constructed above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark (the decimal point) "n" positions either to the left, or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal mark.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal mark, if the case) and adjust its length to 52 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra bits set on '0' to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -31.640 215 from the decimal system (base ten) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-31.640 215| = 31.640 215

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 31. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 31 ÷ 2 = 15 + 1;
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1;
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    31(10) = 1 1111(2)

  • 4. Then, convert the fractional part, 0.640 215. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.640 215 × 2 = 1 + 0.280 43;
    • 2) 0.280 43 × 2 = 0 + 0.560 86;
    • 3) 0.560 86 × 2 = 1 + 0.121 72;
    • 4) 0.121 72 × 2 = 0 + 0.243 44;
    • 5) 0.243 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.486 88;
    • 6) 0.486 88 × 2 = 0 + 0.973 76;
    • 7) 0.973 76 × 2 = 1 + 0.947 52;
    • 8) 0.947 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.895 04;
    • 9) 0.895 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.790 08;
    • 10) 0.790 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.580 16;
    • 11) 0.580 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.160 32;
    • 12) 0.160 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.320 64;
    • 13) 0.320 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.641 28;
    • 14) 0.641 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.282 56;
    • 15) 0.282 56 × 2 = 0 + 0.565 12;
    • 16) 0.565 12 × 2 = 1 + 0.130 24;
    • 17) 0.130 24 × 2 = 0 + 0.260 48;
    • 18) 0.260 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.520 96;
    • 19) 0.520 96 × 2 = 1 + 0.041 92;
    • 20) 0.041 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.083 84;
    • 21) 0.083 84 × 2 = 0 + 0.167 68;
    • 22) 0.167 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.335 36;
    • 23) 0.335 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.670 72;
    • 24) 0.670 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.341 44;
    • 25) 0.341 44 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 88;
    • 26) 0.682 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 76;
    • 27) 0.365 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 52;
    • 28) 0.731 52 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 04;
    • 29) 0.463 04 × 2 = 0 + 0.926 08;
    • 30) 0.926 08 × 2 = 1 + 0.852 16;
    • 31) 0.852 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.704 32;
    • 32) 0.704 32 × 2 = 1 + 0.408 64;
    • 33) 0.408 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.817 28;
    • 34) 0.817 28 × 2 = 1 + 0.634 56;
    • 35) 0.634 56 × 2 = 1 + 0.269 12;
    • 36) 0.269 12 × 2 = 0 + 0.538 24;
    • 37) 0.538 24 × 2 = 1 + 0.076 48;
    • 38) 0.076 48 × 2 = 0 + 0.152 96;
    • 39) 0.152 96 × 2 = 0 + 0.305 92;
    • 40) 0.305 92 × 2 = 0 + 0.611 84;
    • 41) 0.611 84 × 2 = 1 + 0.223 68;
    • 42) 0.223 68 × 2 = 0 + 0.447 36;
    • 43) 0.447 36 × 2 = 0 + 0.894 72;
    • 44) 0.894 72 × 2 = 1 + 0.789 44;
    • 45) 0.789 44 × 2 = 1 + 0.578 88;
    • 46) 0.578 88 × 2 = 1 + 0.157 76;
    • 47) 0.157 76 × 2 = 0 + 0.315 52;
    • 48) 0.315 52 × 2 = 0 + 0.631 04;
    • 49) 0.631 04 × 2 = 1 + 0.262 08;
    • 50) 0.262 08 × 2 = 0 + 0.524 16;
    • 51) 0.524 16 × 2 = 1 + 0.048 32;
    • 52) 0.048 32 × 2 = 0 + 0.096 64;
    • 53) 0.096 64 × 2 = 0 + 0.193 28;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 52) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.640 215(10) = 0.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    31.640 215(10) = 1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal mark 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal mark:

    31.640 215(10) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) =
    1 1111.1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 20 =
    1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 11 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 11 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as shown above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(11-1) - 1 = (4 + 1023)(10) = 1027(10) =
    100 0000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign) and adjust its length to 52 bits, by removing the excess bits, from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100 1010 0

    Mantissa (normalized): 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 100 0000 0011

    Mantissa (52 bits) = 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100

  • Number -31.640 215, converted from decimal system (base 10) to 64 bit double precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 100 0000 0011 - 1111 1010 0011 1110 0101 0010 0001 0101 0111 0110 1000 1001 1100