-0.000 016 4 Converted to 32 Bit Single Precision IEEE 754 Binary Floating Point Representation Standard

Convert decimal -0.000 016 4(10) to 32 bit single precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation standard (1 bit for sign, 8 bits for exponent, 23 bits for mantissa)

What are the steps to convert decimal number
-0.000 016 4(10) to 32 bit single precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation (1 bit for sign, 8 bits for exponent, 23 bits for mantissa)

1. Start with the positive version of the number:

|-0.000 016 4| = 0.000 016 4


2. First, convert to binary (in base 2) the integer part: 0.
Divide the number repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 0 ÷ 2 = 0 + 0;

3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

0(10) =

0(2)


4. Convert to binary (base 2) the fractional part: 0.000 016 4.

Multiply it repeatedly by 2.

Keep track of each integer part of the results.

Stop when we get a fractional part that is equal to zero.


  • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
  • 1) 0.000 016 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 032 8;
  • 2) 0.000 032 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 065 6;
  • 3) 0.000 065 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 131 2;
  • 4) 0.000 131 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 262 4;
  • 5) 0.000 262 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.000 524 8;
  • 6) 0.000 524 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.001 049 6;
  • 7) 0.001 049 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.002 099 2;
  • 8) 0.002 099 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.004 198 4;
  • 9) 0.004 198 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.008 396 8;
  • 10) 0.008 396 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.016 793 6;
  • 11) 0.016 793 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.033 587 2;
  • 12) 0.033 587 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.067 174 4;
  • 13) 0.067 174 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.134 348 8;
  • 14) 0.134 348 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.268 697 6;
  • 15) 0.268 697 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.537 395 2;
  • 16) 0.537 395 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.074 790 4;
  • 17) 0.074 790 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.149 580 8;
  • 18) 0.149 580 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.299 161 6;
  • 19) 0.299 161 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.598 323 2;
  • 20) 0.598 323 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.196 646 4;
  • 21) 0.196 646 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.393 292 8;
  • 22) 0.393 292 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.786 585 6;
  • 23) 0.786 585 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.573 171 2;
  • 24) 0.573 171 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.146 342 4;
  • 25) 0.146 342 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.292 684 8;
  • 26) 0.292 684 8 × 2 = 0 + 0.585 369 6;
  • 27) 0.585 369 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.170 739 2;
  • 28) 0.170 739 2 × 2 = 0 + 0.341 478 4;
  • 29) 0.341 478 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.682 956 8;
  • 30) 0.682 956 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.365 913 6;
  • 31) 0.365 913 6 × 2 = 0 + 0.731 827 2;
  • 32) 0.731 827 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.463 654 4;
  • 33) 0.463 654 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.927 308 8;
  • 34) 0.927 308 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.854 617 6;
  • 35) 0.854 617 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.709 235 2;
  • 36) 0.709 235 2 × 2 = 1 + 0.418 470 4;
  • 37) 0.418 470 4 × 2 = 0 + 0.836 940 8;
  • 38) 0.836 940 8 × 2 = 1 + 0.673 881 6;
  • 39) 0.673 881 6 × 2 = 1 + 0.347 763 2;

We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit) and at least one integer that was different from zero => FULL STOP (Losing precision - the converted number we get in the end will be just a very good approximation of the initial one).


5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number.

Take all the integer parts of the multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:


0.000 016 4(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0001 0011 0010 0101 0111 011(2)

6. Positive number before normalization:

0.000 016 4(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0001 0011 0010 0101 0111 011(2)

7. Normalize the binary representation of the number.

Shift the decimal mark 16 positions to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of it:


0.000 016 4(10) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0001 0011 0010 0101 0111 011(2) =

0.0000 0000 0000 0001 0001 0011 0010 0101 0111 011(2) × 20 =

1.0001 0011 0010 0101 0111 011(2) × 2-16


8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 32 bit single precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign 1 (a negative number)

Exponent (unadjusted): -16

Mantissa (not normalized):
1.0001 0011 0010 0101 0111 011


9. Adjust the exponent.

Use the 8 bit excess/bias notation:


Exponent (adjusted) =

Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(8-1) - 1 =

-16 + 2(8-1) - 1 =

(-16 + 127)(10) =

111(10)


10. Convert the adjusted exponent from the decimal (base 10) to 8 bit binary.

Use the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2:


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 111 ÷ 2 = 55 + 1;
  • 55 ÷ 2 = 27 + 1;
  • 27 ÷ 2 = 13 + 1;
  • 13 ÷ 2 = 6 + 1;
  • 6 ÷ 2 = 3 + 0;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

11. Construct the base 2 representation of the adjusted exponent.

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.


Exponent (adjusted) =

111(10) =

0110 1111(2)


12. Normalize the mantissa.

a) Remove the leading (the leftmost) bit, since it's allways 1, and the decimal point, if the case.

b) Adjust its length to 23 bits, only if necessary (not the case here).


Mantissa (normalized) =

1. 000 1001 1001 0010 1011 1011 =

000 1001 1001 0010 1011 1011


13. The three elements that make up the number's 32 bit single precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

Sign (1 bit) =
1 (a negative number)

Exponent (8 bits) =
0110 1111

Mantissa (23 bits) =
000 1001 1001 0010 1011 1011


Decimal number -0.000 016 4 converted to 32 bit single precision IEEE 754 binary floating point representation:

1 - 0110 1111 - 000 1001 1001 0010 1011 1011

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How to convert decimal numbers from base ten to 32 bit single precision IEEE 754 binary floating point standard

Follow the steps below to convert a base 10 decimal number to 32 bit single precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with its the positive version.
  • 2. First convert the integer part. Divide repeatedly by 2 the base ten positive representation of the integer number that is to be converted to binary, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero, keeping track of each remainder.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive integer part of the number, by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Then convert the fractional part. Multiply the number repeatedly by 2, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero, keeping track of each integer part of the results.
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above (they should appear in the binary representation, from left to right, in the order they have been calculated).
  • 6. Normalize the binary representation of the number, by shifting the decimal point (or if you prefer, the decimal mark) "n" positions either to the left or to the right, so that only one non zero digit remains to the left of the decimal point.
  • 7. Adjust the exponent in 8 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 8 bit binary, by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing by 2, as shown above:
    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(8-1) - 1
  • 8. Normalize mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal sign if the case) and adjust its length to 23 bits, either by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...) or by adding extra '0' bits to the right.
  • 9. Sign (it takes 1 bit) is either 1 for a negative or 0 for a positive number.

Example: convert the negative number -25.347 from decimal system (base ten) to 32 bit single precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number:

    |-25.347| = 25.347

  • 2. First convert the integer part, 25. Divide it repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is equal to zero:
    • division = quotient + remainder;
    • 25 ÷ 2 = 12 + 1;
    • 12 ÷ 2 = 6 + 0;
    • 6 ÷ 2 = 3 + 0;
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;
    • We have encountered a quotient that is ZERO => FULL STOP
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the integer part of the number by taking all the remainders of the previous dividing operations, starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:

    25(10) = 1 1001(2)

  • 4. Then convert the fractional part, 0.347. Multiply repeatedly by 2, keeping track of each integer part of the results, until we get a fractional part that is equal to zero:
    • #) multiplying = integer + fractional part;
    • 1) 0.347 × 2 = 0 + 0.694;
    • 2) 0.694 × 2 = 1 + 0.388;
    • 3) 0.388 × 2 = 0 + 0.776;
    • 4) 0.776 × 2 = 1 + 0.552;
    • 5) 0.552 × 2 = 1 + 0.104;
    • 6) 0.104 × 2 = 0 + 0.208;
    • 7) 0.208 × 2 = 0 + 0.416;
    • 8) 0.416 × 2 = 0 + 0.832;
    • 9) 0.832 × 2 = 1 + 0.664;
    • 10) 0.664 × 2 = 1 + 0.328;
    • 11) 0.328 × 2 = 0 + 0.656;
    • 12) 0.656 × 2 = 1 + 0.312;
    • 13) 0.312 × 2 = 0 + 0.624;
    • 14) 0.624 × 2 = 1 + 0.248;
    • 15) 0.248 × 2 = 0 + 0.496;
    • 16) 0.496 × 2 = 0 + 0.992;
    • 17) 0.992 × 2 = 1 + 0.984;
    • 18) 0.984 × 2 = 1 + 0.968;
    • 19) 0.968 × 2 = 1 + 0.936;
    • 20) 0.936 × 2 = 1 + 0.872;
    • 21) 0.872 × 2 = 1 + 0.744;
    • 22) 0.744 × 2 = 1 + 0.488;
    • 23) 0.488 × 2 = 0 + 0.976;
    • 24) 0.976 × 2 = 1 + 0.952;
    • We didn't get any fractional part that was equal to zero. But we had enough iterations (over Mantissa limit = 23) and at least one integer part that was different from zero => FULL STOP (losing precision...).
  • 5. Construct the base 2 representation of the fractional part of the number, by taking all the integer parts of the previous multiplying operations, starting from the top of the constructed list above:

    0.347(10) = 0.0101 1000 1101 0100 1111 1101(2)

  • 6. Summarizing - the positive number before normalization:

    25.347(10) = 1 1001.0101 1000 1101 0100 1111 1101(2)

  • 7. Normalize the binary representation of the number, shifting the decimal point 4 positions to the left so that only one non-zero digit stays to the left of the decimal point:

    25.347(10) =
    1 1001.0101 1000 1101 0100 1111 1101(2) =
    1 1001.0101 1000 1101 0100 1111 1101(2) × 20 =
    1.1001 0101 1000 1101 0100 1111 1101(2) × 24

  • 8. Up to this moment, there are the following elements that would feed into the 32 bit single precision IEEE 754 binary floating point:

    Sign: 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (unadjusted): 4

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1001 0101 1000 1101 0100 1111 1101

  • 9. Adjust the exponent in 8 bit excess/bias notation and then convert it from decimal (base 10) to 8 bit binary (base 2), by using the same technique of repeatedly dividing it by 2, as already demonstrated above:

    Exponent (adjusted) = Exponent (unadjusted) + 2(8-1) - 1 = (4 + 127)(10) = 131(10) =
    1000 0011(2)

  • 10. Normalize the mantissa, remove the leading (leftmost) bit, since it's allways '1' (and the decimal point) and adjust its length to 23 bits, by removing the excess bits from the right (losing precision...):

    Mantissa (not-normalized): 1.1001 0101 1000 1101 0100 1111 1101

    Mantissa (normalized): 100 1010 1100 0110 1010 0111

  • Conclusion:

    Sign (1 bit) = 1 (a negative number)

    Exponent (8 bits) = 1000 0011

    Mantissa (23 bits) = 100 1010 1100 0110 1010 0111

  • Number -25.347, converted from the decimal system (base 10) to 32 bit single precision IEEE 754 binary floating point =
    1 - 1000 0011 - 100 1010 1100 0110 1010 0111