Convert -999 876 543 188 to a Signed Binary in Two's (2's) Complement Representation

How to convert decimal number -999 876 543 188(10) to a signed binary in two's (2's) complement representation

What are the steps to convert decimal number
-999 876 543 188 to a signed binary in two's (2's) complement representation?

  • A signed integer, written in base ten, or a decimal system number, is a number written using the digits 0 through 9 and the sign, which can be positive (+) or negative (-). If positive, the sign is usually not written. A number written in base two, or binary, is a number written using only the digits 0 and 1.

1. Start with the positive version of the number:

|-999 876 543 188| = 999 876 543 188

2. Divide the number repeatedly by 2:

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 999 876 543 188 ÷ 2 = 499 938 271 594 + 0;
  • 499 938 271 594 ÷ 2 = 249 969 135 797 + 0;
  • 249 969 135 797 ÷ 2 = 124 984 567 898 + 1;
  • 124 984 567 898 ÷ 2 = 62 492 283 949 + 0;
  • 62 492 283 949 ÷ 2 = 31 246 141 974 + 1;
  • 31 246 141 974 ÷ 2 = 15 623 070 987 + 0;
  • 15 623 070 987 ÷ 2 = 7 811 535 493 + 1;
  • 7 811 535 493 ÷ 2 = 3 905 767 746 + 1;
  • 3 905 767 746 ÷ 2 = 1 952 883 873 + 0;
  • 1 952 883 873 ÷ 2 = 976 441 936 + 1;
  • 976 441 936 ÷ 2 = 488 220 968 + 0;
  • 488 220 968 ÷ 2 = 244 110 484 + 0;
  • 244 110 484 ÷ 2 = 122 055 242 + 0;
  • 122 055 242 ÷ 2 = 61 027 621 + 0;
  • 61 027 621 ÷ 2 = 30 513 810 + 1;
  • 30 513 810 ÷ 2 = 15 256 905 + 0;
  • 15 256 905 ÷ 2 = 7 628 452 + 1;
  • 7 628 452 ÷ 2 = 3 814 226 + 0;
  • 3 814 226 ÷ 2 = 1 907 113 + 0;
  • 1 907 113 ÷ 2 = 953 556 + 1;
  • 953 556 ÷ 2 = 476 778 + 0;
  • 476 778 ÷ 2 = 238 389 + 0;
  • 238 389 ÷ 2 = 119 194 + 1;
  • 119 194 ÷ 2 = 59 597 + 0;
  • 59 597 ÷ 2 = 29 798 + 1;
  • 29 798 ÷ 2 = 14 899 + 0;
  • 14 899 ÷ 2 = 7 449 + 1;
  • 7 449 ÷ 2 = 3 724 + 1;
  • 3 724 ÷ 2 = 1 862 + 0;
  • 1 862 ÷ 2 = 931 + 0;
  • 931 ÷ 2 = 465 + 1;
  • 465 ÷ 2 = 232 + 1;
  • 232 ÷ 2 = 116 + 0;
  • 116 ÷ 2 = 58 + 0;
  • 58 ÷ 2 = 29 + 0;
  • 29 ÷ 2 = 14 + 1;
  • 14 ÷ 2 = 7 + 0;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive number:

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

999 876 543 188(10) = 1110 1000 1100 1101 0100 1001 0100 0010 1101 0100(2)

4. Determine the signed binary number bit length:

  • The base 2 number's actual length, in bits: 40.

  • A signed binary's bit length must be equal to a power of 2, as of:
  • 21 = 2; 22 = 4; 23 = 8; 24 = 16; 25 = 32; 26 = 64; ...
  • The first bit (the leftmost) indicates the sign:
  • 0 = positive integer number, 1 = negative integer number

The least number that is:

1) a power of 2

2) and is larger than the actual length, 40,

3) so that the first bit (leftmost) could be zero
(we deal with a positive number at this moment)

=== is: 64.


5. Get the positive binary computer representation on 64 bits (8 Bytes):

If needed, add extra 0s in front (to the left) of the base 2 number, up to the required length, 64.


999 876 543 188(10) = 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1110 1000 1100 1101 0100 1001 0100 0010 1101 0100

6. Get the negative integer number representation. Part 1:

  • To write the negative integer number on 64 bits (8 Bytes), as a signed binary in one's complement representation, replace all the bits on 0 with 1s and all the bits set on 1 with 0s.

Reverse the digits, flip the digits:

Replace the bits set on 0 with 1s and the bits set on 1 with 0s.

!(0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1110 1000 1100 1101 0100 1001 0100 0010 1101 0100)

= 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 0001 0111 0011 0010 1011 0110 1011 1101 0010 1011


7. Get the negative integer number representation. Part 2:

  • To write the negative integer number on 64 bits (8 Bytes), as a signed binary in two's complement representation, add 1 to the number calculated above 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 0001 0111 0011 0010 1011 0110 1011 1101 0010 1011 (to the signed binary in one's complement representation).

Binary addition carries on a value of 2:

  • 0 + 0 = 0
  • 0 + 1 = 1
  • 1 + 1 = 10
  • 1 + 10 = 11
  • 1 + 11 = 100

Add 1 to the number calculated above
(to the signed binary number in one's complement representation):

-999 876 543 188 =

1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 0001 0111 0011 0010 1011 0110 1011 1101 0010 1011 + 1


Decimal Number -999 876 543 188(10) converted to signed binary in two's complement representation:

-999 876 543 188(10) = 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 0001 0111 0011 0010 1011 0110 1011 1101 0010 1100

Spaces were used to group digits: for binary, by 4, for decimal, by 3.

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How to convert signed integers from decimal system to signed binary in two's complement representation

Follow the steps below to convert a signed base 10 integer number to signed binary in two's complement representation:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with the positive version of the number.
  • 2. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is zero.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive number, by taking all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Binary numbers represented in computer language must have 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, ... bit length (a power of 2) - if needed, add extra bits on 0 in front (to the left) of the base 2 number above, up to the required length, so that the first bit (the leftmost) will be 0, correctly representing a positive number.
  • 5. To get the negative integer number representation in signed binary one's complement, replace all 0 bits with 1s and all 1 bits with 0s (reversing the digits).
  • 6. To get the negative integer number, in signed binary two's complement representation, add 1 to the number above.

Example: convert the negative number -60 from the decimal system (base ten) to signed binary in two's complement:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number: |-60| = 60
  • 2. Divide repeatedly 60 by 2, keeping track of each remainder:
    • division = quotient + remainder
    • 60 ÷ 2 = 30 + 0
    • 30 ÷ 2 = 15 + 0
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive number, by taking all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:
    60(10) = 11 1100(2)
  • 4. Bit length of base 2 representation number is 6, so the positive binary computer representation of a signed binary will take in this particular case 8 bits (the least power of 2 larger than 6) - add extra 0 digits in front of the base 2 number, up to the required length:
    60(10) = 0011 1100(2)
  • 5. To get the negative integer number representation in signed binary one's complement, replace all the 0 bits with 1s and all 1 bits with 0s (reversing the digits):
    !(0011 1100) = 1100 0011
  • 6. To get the negative integer number, signed binary in two's complement representation, add 1 to the number above:
    -60(10) = 1100 0011 + 1 = 1100 0100
  • Number -60(10), signed integer, converted from decimal system (base 10) to signed binary two's complement representation = 1100 0100