Convert -963 258 451 to a Signed Binary in Two's (2's) Complement Representation

How to convert decimal number -963 258 451(10) to a signed binary in two's (2's) complement representation

What are the steps to convert decimal number
-963 258 451 to a signed binary in two's (2's) complement representation?

  • A signed integer, written in base ten, or a decimal system number, is a number written using the digits 0 through 9 and the sign, which can be positive (+) or negative (-). If positive, the sign is usually not written. A number written in base two, or binary, is a number written using only the digits 0 and 1.

1. Start with the positive version of the number:

|-963 258 451| = 963 258 451

2. Divide the number repeatedly by 2:

Keep track of each remainder.

We stop when we get a quotient that is equal to zero.


  • division = quotient + remainder;
  • 963 258 451 ÷ 2 = 481 629 225 + 1;
  • 481 629 225 ÷ 2 = 240 814 612 + 1;
  • 240 814 612 ÷ 2 = 120 407 306 + 0;
  • 120 407 306 ÷ 2 = 60 203 653 + 0;
  • 60 203 653 ÷ 2 = 30 101 826 + 1;
  • 30 101 826 ÷ 2 = 15 050 913 + 0;
  • 15 050 913 ÷ 2 = 7 525 456 + 1;
  • 7 525 456 ÷ 2 = 3 762 728 + 0;
  • 3 762 728 ÷ 2 = 1 881 364 + 0;
  • 1 881 364 ÷ 2 = 940 682 + 0;
  • 940 682 ÷ 2 = 470 341 + 0;
  • 470 341 ÷ 2 = 235 170 + 1;
  • 235 170 ÷ 2 = 117 585 + 0;
  • 117 585 ÷ 2 = 58 792 + 1;
  • 58 792 ÷ 2 = 29 396 + 0;
  • 29 396 ÷ 2 = 14 698 + 0;
  • 14 698 ÷ 2 = 7 349 + 0;
  • 7 349 ÷ 2 = 3 674 + 1;
  • 3 674 ÷ 2 = 1 837 + 0;
  • 1 837 ÷ 2 = 918 + 1;
  • 918 ÷ 2 = 459 + 0;
  • 459 ÷ 2 = 229 + 1;
  • 229 ÷ 2 = 114 + 1;
  • 114 ÷ 2 = 57 + 0;
  • 57 ÷ 2 = 28 + 1;
  • 28 ÷ 2 = 14 + 0;
  • 14 ÷ 2 = 7 + 0;
  • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1;
  • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1;
  • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1;

3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive number:

Take all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above.

963 258 451(10) = 11 1001 0110 1010 0010 1000 0101 0011(2)

4. Determine the signed binary number bit length:

  • The base 2 number's actual length, in bits: 30.

  • A signed binary's bit length must be equal to a power of 2, as of:
  • 21 = 2; 22 = 4; 23 = 8; 24 = 16; 25 = 32; 26 = 64; ...
  • The first bit (the leftmost) indicates the sign:
  • 0 = positive integer number, 1 = negative integer number

The least number that is:

1) a power of 2

2) and is larger than the actual length, 30,

3) so that the first bit (leftmost) could be zero
(we deal with a positive number at this moment)

=== is: 32.


5. Get the positive binary computer representation on 32 bits (4 Bytes):

If needed, add extra 0s in front (to the left) of the base 2 number, up to the required length, 32.


963 258 451(10) = 0011 1001 0110 1010 0010 1000 0101 0011

6. Get the negative integer number representation. Part 1:

  • To write the negative integer number on 32 bits (4 Bytes), as a signed binary in one's complement representation, replace all the bits on 0 with 1s and all the bits set on 1 with 0s.

Reverse the digits, flip the digits:

Replace the bits set on 0 with 1s and the bits set on 1 with 0s.

!(0011 1001 0110 1010 0010 1000 0101 0011)

= 1100 0110 1001 0101 1101 0111 1010 1100


7. Get the negative integer number representation. Part 2:

  • To write the negative integer number on 32 bits (4 Bytes), as a signed binary in two's complement representation, add 1 to the number calculated above 1100 0110 1001 0101 1101 0111 1010 1100 (to the signed binary in one's complement representation).

Binary addition carries on a value of 2:

  • 0 + 0 = 0
  • 0 + 1 = 1
  • 1 + 1 = 10
  • 1 + 10 = 11
  • 1 + 11 = 100

Add 1 to the number calculated above
(to the signed binary number in one's complement representation):

-963 258 451 =

1100 0110 1001 0101 1101 0111 1010 1100 + 1


Decimal Number -963 258 451(10) converted to signed binary in two's complement representation:

-963 258 451(10) = 1100 0110 1001 0101 1101 0111 1010 1101

Spaces were used to group digits: for binary, by 4, for decimal, by 3.

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How to convert signed integers from decimal system to signed binary in two's complement representation

Follow the steps below to convert a signed base 10 integer number to signed binary in two's complement representation:

  • 1. If the number to be converted is negative, start with the positive version of the number.
  • 2. Divide repeatedly by 2 the positive representation of the integer number, keeping track of each remainder, until we get a quotient that is zero.
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive number, by taking all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above. Thus, the last remainder of the divisions becomes the first symbol (the leftmost) of the base two number, while the first remainder becomes the last symbol (the rightmost).
  • 4. Binary numbers represented in computer language must have 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, ... bit length (a power of 2) - if needed, add extra bits on 0 in front (to the left) of the base 2 number above, up to the required length, so that the first bit (the leftmost) will be 0, correctly representing a positive number.
  • 5. To get the negative integer number representation in signed binary one's complement, replace all 0 bits with 1s and all 1 bits with 0s (reversing the digits).
  • 6. To get the negative integer number, in signed binary two's complement representation, add 1 to the number above.

Example: convert the negative number -60 from the decimal system (base ten) to signed binary in two's complement:

  • 1. Start with the positive version of the number: |-60| = 60
  • 2. Divide repeatedly 60 by 2, keeping track of each remainder:
    • division = quotient + remainder
    • 60 ÷ 2 = 30 + 0
    • 30 ÷ 2 = 15 + 0
    • 15 ÷ 2 = 7 + 1
    • 7 ÷ 2 = 3 + 1
    • 3 ÷ 2 = 1 + 1
    • 1 ÷ 2 = 0 + 1
  • 3. Construct the base 2 representation of the positive number, by taking all the remainders starting from the bottom of the list constructed above:
    60(10) = 11 1100(2)
  • 4. Bit length of base 2 representation number is 6, so the positive binary computer representation of a signed binary will take in this particular case 8 bits (the least power of 2 larger than 6) - add extra 0 digits in front of the base 2 number, up to the required length:
    60(10) = 0011 1100(2)
  • 5. To get the negative integer number representation in signed binary one's complement, replace all the 0 bits with 1s and all 1 bits with 0s (reversing the digits):
    !(0011 1100) = 1100 0011
  • 6. To get the negative integer number, signed binary in two's complement representation, add 1 to the number above:
    -60(10) = 1100 0011 + 1 = 1100 0100
  • Number -60(10), signed integer, converted from decimal system (base 10) to signed binary two's complement representation = 1100 0100